多效唑对东魁杨梅生长与结果的影响

以东魁杨梅(Myrica rubra cv.Dongkui)为受试生物,研究了中、高剂量和不同施用频率的多效唑(paclobutrazol,代号PP333)处理对果树正常生长和结果的影响.实验设4个处理,分别为无PP333施用记录、5年前施用后停用、连续5年施用300 mg·kgPP333和连续5年施用400 mg·k...     

两相厌氧消化工艺处理鸡粪

以鸡粪为发酵原料,采用序批式两相厌氧消化工艺在中温条件(37℃)下对其进行消化处理。分别将水解酸化相和产甲烷相pH值控制在5.5±0.3和7.0±0.3,通过改变进样含固率(TS)研究有机负荷(OLR)对两相消化系统处理鸡粪过程中污染物转化和去除效果的影响。结果表明,水解酸化相出水总有机碳(TOC)、挥发酸(VFAs)和氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度都随OLR升高而升高。VFAs组成相对稳定,其中乙酸占总VFAs浓度的57%～64%,其次为正丁酸和丙酸。产甲烷相出水TOC和VFAs稳定在较低水平,TOC去除率最大达到90%以上。产甲烷相进水氨氮主要以NH4+形式在反应器内不断积累。实验后期产甲烷相生物气中甲烷体积分数维持在64%上,证明两相消化系统在实验条件下良好运行。     

黄河中游水保措施对入黄干支流泥沙特性的影响:Ⅰ. 泥沙粒径变化

过去关于水土保持措施影响的研究多侧重于减水减沙的影响,对泥沙组成影响的研究则相对较少。本文以大量的实测资料为依据,以河口至龙门间区域自然与水土保持条件为背景,将水保措施类型、河道水流泥沙条件与流域地貌条件结合考虑,借助统计分析方法对采用水保措施前后该区域（尤其是与黄河中游水土流失密切相关的黄土高原与沙砾丘陵区域）的泥沙粒径分布变化进行了探讨。分析表明,泥沙粒径分布变化极其复杂,对应于不同地貌类型条件的泥沙组成遵循不同的分布规律。黄土丘陵区河流中的悬移质泥沙级配服从正态分布规律,而沙砾丘陵区河流中的泥沙级配则服从皮Ⅲ型分布规律。当分布函数的类型确定后,泥沙粒径分布由该分布函数的几个参数共同决定,这些参数分别反映了泥沙从流域表层搬运到对应级别河流的过程中地貌形态及水土保持措施的影响。文中由多学科综合研究得到的结论,对黄河中游水土保持效益研究具有重要意义。     

喀斯特岩溶、非岩溶区植被总初级生产力与土壤呼吸的空间差异及其环境因子分析

选取中国两个典型喀斯特石漠化生态系统(研究区Ⅰ广西盘阳河流域峰丛洼地石漠化区、研究区Ⅱ云南荞麦地流域中山山地石漠化区),通过遥感影像反演和广泛的野外验证,开展喀斯特生态系统植被总初级生产力(GPP)和土壤呼吸(Rs)的差异分析及其在地形地貌、海拔坡度、土地利用以及岩性等环境因子上的空间分异分析。结果表明:1)两个研究区雨季和非雨季的GPP均值均要大于Rs均值,峰丛洼地的GPP和Rs均值都要高于中山山地,但中山山地的Rs均值两级分异更为明显; 2) GPP与海拔总体上呈现显著的负相关关系(在平均海拔较低的研究区Ⅰ更为明显),GPP均值在坡度大于25°左右时随着坡度的增加而减少;两个研究区的Rs均随着海拔的升高先降后增,坡度小于40°时呈负相关; 3)不同土地覆盖类型GPP均值总体上呈现林地灌丛草地、耕地的规律,而Rs均值呈现出居住建设用地耕地草地灌丛林地的规律,常绿针叶林有着区域内最高的GPP值,城镇建设用地有着最高的Rs均值; 4)研究区雨季与非雨季的GPP、Rs均值均呈现岩溶区小于非岩溶区的特点(p0.001)。本研究可为西南喀斯特生态系统碳循环特征研究提供参考,为分析喀斯特区域碳汇特点和机制提供应用支撑,为区域制定侧重不同的生态策略提供思路和应用参考。     

基体改进效应用于石墨炉原子吸收测定水中四价和六价碲

本文介绍微克量铂、钯和铱作为基体改进剂测定碲(Ⅳ)和碲(Ⅵ).碲的允许灰化温度为1300℃,并研究了碲(Ⅳ)和碲(Ⅵ)的萃取性质.在此基础上提出了分别测定碲(Ⅳ)和碲(Ⅵ)的分析方法,碲(Ⅳ)借甲基异丁酮—碘化钾萃取和氨水反萃取.碲(Ⅵ)借盐酸煮沸还原为碲(Ⅳ),应用微克量铂钯或铱作基体改进剂.氨水进样,石墨炉原子吸收测定.若干水样分析结果指出,碲(Ⅳ)和碲(Ⅵ)的浓度分别为低于0.02ppb和0.03—0.06ppb,所推荐方法的灵敏度比文献报导值高2—3个数量级.     

Emissions of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor before, during, and after slurry removal from a deep-pit swine finisher

It is a common practice in the midwestern United States to raise swine in buildings with under-floor slurry storage systems designed to store manure for up to one year. These so-called "deep-pit" systems are a concentrated source for the emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and odors. As part of a larger six-state research effort (U.S. Department of Agriculture-Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems Project, "Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings"), realtime NH3 and H2S with incremental odor emission data were collected for two annual slurry removal events. For this study, two 1000-head deep-pit swine finishing facilities in central Iowa were monitored with one-year storage of slurry maintained in a 2.4 m-deep concrete pit (or holding tank) below the animal-occupied zone. Results show that the H2S emission, measured during four independent slurry removal events over two years, increased by an average of 61.9 times relative to the before-removal H2S emission levels. This increase persisted during the agitation process of the slurry that on average occurred over an 8-hr time period. At the conclusion of slurry agitation, the H2S emission decreased by an average of 10.4 times the before-removal emission level. NH3 emission during agitation increased by an average of 4.6 times the before-removal emission level and increased by an average of 1.5 times the before-removal emission level after slurry removal was completed. Odor emission increased by a factor of 3.4 times the before-removal odor emission level and decreased after the slurry-removal event by a factor of 5.6 times the before-removal emission level. The results indicate that maintaining an adequate barn ventilation rate regardless of animal comfort demand is essential to keeping gas levels inside the barn below hazardous levels.     

Energy and exergy optimization of food waste pretreatment and incineration

With the aim of upgrading current food waste (FW) management strategy, a novel FW hydrothermal pretreatment and air-drying incineration system is proposed and optimized from an energy and exergy perspective. Parameters considered include the extracted steam quality, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW, and the reactor thermal efficiency. Results show that optimal working condition can be obtained when the temperature and pressure of extracted steam are 159 °C and 0.17 MPa, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW is 10%, and the reactor thermal efficiency is 90%. Under such circumstance, the optimal steam energy and exergy increments reach 194.92 and 324.50 kJ/kg-FW, respectively. The novel system is then applied under the local conditions of Hangzhou, China. Results show that approximately 2.7 or 11.6% (from energy or exergy analysis perspective) of electricity can be additionally generated from 1 ton of MSW if the proposed novel FW system is implemented. Besides, comparisons between energy and exergy analysis are also discussed.

     

基于层次分析和模糊数学的电解铝生产安全评价

影响电解铝生产安全状况的因素很多,相互之间具有不确定性和模糊性。建立电解铝生产安全模糊综合评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定各指标权重,通过专家给出第3层次的模糊关系综合矩阵,对电解铝生产安全性进行模糊综合评价。     

基于改进熵权的灰色关联模型在湿地水质综合评价中的应用

湿地是自然界生物多样性较为丰富的生态系统,具有很大的生态功能及生态学价值,湿地水质评价需要综合考虑各指标的属性.介绍了基于改进熵权的灰色关联模型在湿地水质综合评价中的应用.以黑龙江省扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地调查采样数据为例,通过构建灰色关联决策矩阵,同时采用改进熵值法确定权重,再由计算各样本的灰色关联度来确定其所属级别,进而对保护区水质采样点的水质进行综合评价.基于改进熵权的灰色关联度模型,为湿地生态系统水质综合评价提供了新的思路.     

火灾危险源与火灾隐患之辨析

通过归纳总结危险源定义和分类,引申出火灾危险源的定义和分类.就火灾隐患定义在不同领域的运用提出了广义和狭义火灾隐患之分,并就火灾危险源与火灾隐患之间的关系阐述了一些观点.