考虑道路状况的应急配发站启用以及配送优化问题*

为了研究应急物资配发站启用及配送方案优化问题,综合考虑灾难事件下的道路损毁状况、道路复杂程度、需求不确定以及物资拆分配送等特点,以应急物资配发站启用成本、车辆启动成本、运输成本之和最小化为目标,建立应急物资配发站启用及配送模型,设计头脑风暴优化算法,结合算例,对该问题进行仿真,并将结果与遗传算法进行对比,验证模型的可行性和算法的有效性。结果表明,在决策时考虑道路状况能够有效降低系统成本,提高救援效率。     

Source identification of PCDD/Fs in agricultural soils near to a Chinese MSWI plant through isomer-specific data analysis

Isomer-specific data were investigated in order to identify the sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in agricultural soils, including Fluvo-aquic and paddy soils, in the vicinity of a Chinese municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant. Homologue and isomer profiles of PCDD/Fs in soils were compared with those of potential sources, including combustion sources, i.e., MSWI flue gas and fly ash; and the impurities in agrochemicals, such as the pentachlorophenol (PCP), sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) and 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy) benzene (CNP). The results showed that the PCDD/F isomer profiles of combustion sources and agricultural soils were very similar, especially for PCDFs, although their homologue profiles varied, indicating that all the isomers within each homologue behave identically in the air and soil. Moreover, factor analysis of the isomer compositions among 33 soil samples revealed that the contamination of PCDD/Fs in agricultural soils near the MSWI plant were primarily influenced by the combustion sources, followed by the PCP/PCP-Na and CNP sources. This implication is consistent with our previous findings based on chemometric analysis of homologue profiles of soil and flue gas samples, and identifies PCP/PCP-Na as an additional important source of PCDD/Fs in the local area. This makes the similarities and differences of isomer profiles between Fluvo-aquic and paddy soils more explainable. It is, therefore, advisable to use isomer-specific data for PCDD/F source identifications where possible.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soils and sediments from Daliao River Basin, China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were analyzed in surface sediments and top soils collected from 30 sites in Daliao River Basin. The concentrations of PCDD/F ranged from 0.28 to 29.01 ng TEQ kg(-1) dw (mean value, 7.45 ng TEQ kg(-1)dw) in sediments, and from 0.31 to 53.05 ng TEQ kg(-1)dw (mean value, 7.00 ng TEQ kg(-1)dw) in soils. PCDD/F pollution in sediments from the mid- and downstream sections of Hun River was found to be relatively heavy, and the levels of PCDD/F contamination in paddy soils were generally higher than those of upland soils. Using multivariate statistical analysis, the PCDD/F homologue and congener profiles of all soil and sediment samples were compared with those of suspected PCDD/F sources. The results showed that, PCDD/F contamination in most sediments of Hun River should mainly originated from the production of organochlorine chemicals, while metal smelting was the important potential source of PCDD/F in the drainage area of Taizi River. PCDD/F contamination in paddy soils should be simultaneously attributed to the polluted water irrigation and the organochlorine pesticide application.     

AgBiO3对铜绿微囊藻生长的致毒效应

研究了AgBiO3对铜绿微囊藻生长的致毒效应.结果表明,培养液中Ag 的胁迫使铜绿微囊藻的生长繁殖受到明显抑制;由于铜绿微囊藻自身的防御机制,在受到胁迫时其细胞密度随着Ag 浓度的升高呈不对称"V"形变化;在一定铜绿微囊藻密度范围内,Ag 96h半数有效浓度(96h-EC50(y))和投加AgBiO3时初始藻细胞密度(x)之间存在线性关系:y=0.049 7x-0.051 1;在投加Ag 24h后,培养液上清液中Ag 浓度低于<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB5749-2006)限值.因此,可以利用AgBiO3对铜绿微囊藻生长的致毒效应,将投加银系杀藻剂作为铜绿微囊藻水华控制措施之一.     

污泥厌氧消化前处理技术研究现状及展望

污泥厌氧消化产生的沼气用于发电是一种具有广阔应用前景的垃圾资源化方法.厌氧消化前采用不同的预处理方法能促进污泥内微生物细胞的分解、加速胞内物质的释放、加快污泥的水解速率,这是增强污泥厌氧消化性能的关键.综述了当前研究和应用较多的物理法、化学法和生物法等污泥预处理技术,分析了各种方法的原理、特点、处理效果及应用前景.     

光助Fenton氧化法降解水中六氯苯的研究

采用光助Fenton氧化法处理六氯苯模拟废水,考察了反应时间、Fe3 与H2O2摩尔比、Fenton试剂用量、初始pH、六氯苯初始浓度、光强对六氯苯降解效果的影响,并初步探讨了六氯苯的降解动力学规律.结果表明.光助Fenton法降解六氯苯的最佳工艺条件为:紫外灯功率为300 W、Fe3 投加量为1.0 mmol/L、H2O2投加量为5.0 mmol/L、反应时间为60 min、初始pH为3,在此条件下,浓度为500μg/L的HCB的去除率可达91.3%.UV辐射与Fenton氧化对HCB的降解具有协同效应.光助Fenton法对HCB的降解符合一级反应动力学方程,表观速率常数为0.04 min-1,与Fenton法相比,提高了近9倍.     

非均相UV/Fenton氧化法降解水中六氯苯的研究

采用超声辐照促进浸渍法制备了非均相UV/Fenton催化剂Fe/Al2O3,并对其进行了表征.以制备的催化剂对水中六氯苯进行非均相UV/Fenton法氧化降解.考察了铁的负载量、初始pH、H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量和反应时间对六氯苯降解效果的影响,并探讨了六氯苯的降解动力学规律.结果表明,制备的催化剂表面活性组分分散均匀,对六氯苯具有较高的催化活性和重复利用性.非均相UV/Fenton法降解六氯苯的最佳实验条件为:铁的负载量为2%,废水初始pH为3,H2O2和Fe/Al2O3催化剂的投加量分别为34 mg/L和150 mg/L,反应时间为20 min.在此条件下,浓度为500μg/L的六氯苯降解效率达94.5%.HCB的降解反应动力学规律可用Langmuir-Hinshwood方程很好地描述.六氯苯在催化剂表面的吸附常数为1.962 L/mg,表面反应速率常数为0.08 mg/(L·min).     

基于二维Gumbel分布的长距离输水系统水文风险评估

在现行的水文风险组合计算中,往往需要对非正态分布的水文变量进行正态化处理,这必然引起畸变,从而影响分析计算结果的准确性。针对这一问题,在以往的研究基础上,根据Ditlevsen界限,进一步建立了基于二维Gumbel分布的长距离输水系统的综合水文风险评估模型,从而巧妙地解决了串联系统风险计算中如何建立n维联合概率分布函数的难题。并以南水北调中线工程河北省段的21条主要河流为例,分析了采用Gumbel联合分布来研究降雨量或洪水的联合分布特征的可行性,进行了实际水文概率的组合计算,结果表明南水北调中线工程河北省北段的综合防洪风险是3．1％,其防洪安全是有保证的。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化处置前景

对大量数据进行统计分析,得出垃圾焚烧飞灰中主要重金属元素和二噁英类物质的含量分布特征,并根据垃圾焚烧飞灰的综合特点,结合其他领域现有技术,初步提出了3个垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化处置方案:①烧制陶粒;②作为凝石成岩剂的原料;③作为上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)或膨胀式颗粒污泥床(EGSB)废水处理装置的生化反应促进剂.同时回收重金属,并对其前景进行了初步分析.若将上述3个方案逐步完善,不但能节约1000～2000元/t的垃圾焚烧飞灰处置费用,还能够产生很大的附加经济效益.     

某深基坑支护设计及监测分析

以广州南方房产大厦深基坑支护结构为例,介绍了深基坑支护的设计指导思想和监测。文中介绍的方法对类似工程的设计有一定指导意义。