Occurrence of chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments in Shenzhen, South China and its relationship to urbanization

One hundred and fourteen surface sediments were collected from the Maozhou River Watershed in Shenzhen, China from December 2009 to January 2010. Three individual chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs), six individual brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BrPAHs), and five corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined. The concentration of 9-chlorophenanthrene was the highest ranging from 0.51-289 ng g(-1) (average, 16.5 ng g(-1)). For BrPAHs, the concentration of 2-bromofluorene was the highest ranging from 0.31-266 ng g(-1) (average, 35.3 ng g(-1)). No correlation was observed between the concentrations of ClPAHs and parent PAHs in surface sediments. In addition, there was no correlation between 1-bromopyrene, 7-bromobenz(a)anthracene and 9,10-dibromoanthracene, and corresponding parent PAHs. However, a significant correlation was found between 9-bromophenanthrene and phenanthrene (p < 0.01), between 9-bromoanthracene and anthracene (p < 0.05), and between 2-bromofluorene and fluorene (p < 0.05). Six fly ash samples collected from one of the municipal domestic waste incineration plants in Shenzhen were also analyzed for source identification. The concentration of 7-bromobenz(a)anthracene was the highest, ranging from 3.21-4.08 ng g(-1). In addition, 2-bromofluorene was not detected in all the fly ash samples. No correlation was found between the concentrations of Cl-/BrPAHs and corresponding parent PAHs in fly ashes. We also examined the relationship between the levels of Cl-/BrPAHs in surface sediments and the urbanization process. Our results suggested the levels of individual Cl-/BrPAHs congeners presented a similar increasing trend with the increasing urbanization level.     

Driving factors of consumption-based PM2.5 emissions in China: an application of the generalized Divisia index

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Analyzing the driving factors of PM2.5 pollution in different industries is of great significance for developing energy conservation and emission...     

南黄海Ms6.1地震前江苏重磁异常变化

结合重力资料分析认为，江苏地磁异常亦与下扬子地幔流应力场活动相关。南黄海Ｍｓ６．１地震前地磁异常有呈象限分布的规律，并有发生于地磁正负变化梯度带附近的特征；重力变化打破年变规律，出现大于区域场的负异常，且呈梯度变化     

基于云模型和熵权法的巢湖流域防洪减灾能力评估

防洪减灾能力评估是洪涝灾害管理急需解决的重大问题之一。从防洪除涝能力、监测预警能力、抢险救灾能力及灾害管理能力4个方面来构建指标体系,建立基于云模型和熵权法的巢湖流域防洪减灾能力评估模型,对整个流域以及流域内各县市的防洪减灾能力进行评估,并与通过组合赋权法及最优分割法得到的结果进行验证对比。以期为防洪减灾能力评估提供新的思路,对巢湖流域的防洪减灾能力建设提供科学依据。研究结果表明:巢湖流域整体防洪减灾能力属于中等偏上水平,但流域内部差异明显;其中合肥市辖区、和县的防洪减灾能力属于高水平;巢湖市、含山县处于中等水平;肥西县和庐江县位于较低水平;肥东县、无为县、舒城县的防洪减灾能力则最低。     

甘肃岷县中寨沟流域内泥石流发育差异的主控因素分析∗

中寨沟流域位于甘肃省定西市岷县中寨镇,是青藏高原东北部地区具有代表性的极高敏感性泥石流流域之一,该流域内泥石流发育受地形条件及地质条件控制明显。基于野外调查、遥感解译等,结合已有成果资料,系统总结中寨沟流域内泥石流的形成条件,深入剖析中寨沟流域主沟及各支沟泥石流分布发育特征、类型、发育规模、 程度等,提出以流域单位面积的泥石流一次最大冲出物质量贡献值为标准来表征泥石流的发育程度,从而探讨流域面积、断裂活动、坡度、地层岩性等因素对泥石流发育的控制作用。研究结果表明：中寨沟流域内泥石流发育规模差异的主控因素为流域面积及断层活动;发育程度差异的主控因素为坡度及地层岩性。     

城市小区域防灾对策与紧急避难区的设置

鉴于地震等自然灾害的突发性和巨大破坏作用,在现代大都市的不同区域按照人口密度设置应急避难场所和躲避设施可以有效减小地震等灾害伤亡和经济损失。结合对城市震害特点的分析,提出按社区、楼宇设置小区域防灾避难场所的防灾对策和就近分散、应急维生、多功能防御、功能复用等防灾原则,以期减少地震次生灾害发生,为灾后生产恢复和重建创造有利条件,最大程度减低灾害损失。     

S210线轻钢结构滚石防护棚洞动力响应与优化研究

以2013年芦山7.0级地震生命通道S210线滚石灾害防治为背景,在崩塌滚石灾害特征调查和研究的基础上,根据S210线应急抢险的需求,提出一种新型轻钢结构滚石防护棚洞技术:采用钢板和槽钢为主骨架,双层钢板夹EPS材料为顶板,并将顶板设为20°~25°以提高抗冲击能力。通过动力有限元数值模拟,开展滚石冲击荷载下轻钢结构棚洞动力响应机理与优化设计研究。计算结果表明:轻钢结构棚洞具有较强的抗滚石冲击能力,能承受1 500 k J滚石冲击能量,且施工方便快捷,不影响正常交通,是S210线应急保通较为理想的滚石防护措施。目前轻钢结构棚洞已在S210线滚石危险区段投入使用,效果显著,对确保震后S210线畅通和灾后重建发挥了重要作用,也可在类似山区公路滚石灾害防治中推广应用。     

Sensitivity of potential natural vegetation in China to projected changes in temperature,precipitation and atmospheric CO2

A sensitivity study was performed to investigate the responses of potential natural vegetation distribution in China to the separate and combined effects of temperature, precipitation and [CO₂], using the process-based equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model BIOME4. The model shows a generally good agreement with a map of the potential natural vegetation distribution based on a numerical comparison using the ΔV statistic (ΔV = 0.25). Mean temperature of each month was increased uniformly by 0–5 K, in 0.5- or 1-K intervals. Mean precipitation of each month was increased and decreased uniformly by 0–30%, in 10% intervals. The analyses were run at fixed CO₂ concentrations of 360 and 720 ppm. Temperature increases shifted most forest boundaries northward and westward, expanded the distribution of xeric biomes, and confined the tundra to progressively higher elevations. Precipitation increases led to a greater area occupied by mesic biomes at the expense of xeric biomes. Most vegetation types in the temperate regions, and on the Tibetan Plateau, expanded westward into the dry continental interior with increasing precipitation. Precipitation decreases had opposite effects. The modelled effect of CO₂ doubling was to partially compensate for the negative effect of drought on the mesic biomes and to increase potential ecosystem carbon storage by about 40%. Warming tended to counteract this effect, by reducing soil carbon storage. Forest biomes showed substantial resilience to climate change, especially when the effects of increasing [CO₂] were taken into account. Savannas, dry woodland and tundra biomes proved sensitive to temperature increases. The transition region of grassland and forest, and the Tibetan plateau, was the most vulnerable region.     

Impacts of climate change on Chinese ecosystems: key vulnerable regions and potential thresholds

China is a key vulnerable region of climate change in the world. Climate warming and general increase in precipitation with strong temporal and spatial variations have happened in China during the past century. Such changes in climate associated with the human disturbances have influenced natural ecosystems of China, leading to the advanced plant phenology in spring, lengthened growing season of vegetation, modified composition and geographical pattern of vegetation, especially in ecotone and tree-lines, and the increases in vegetation cover, vegetation activity and net primary productivity. Increases in temperature, changes in precipitation regime and CO₂ concentration enrichment will happen in the future in China according to climate model simulations. The projected climate scenarios (associated with land use changes again) will significantly influence Chinese ecosystems, resulting in a northward shift of all forests, disappearance of boreal forest from northeastern China, new tropical forests and woodlands move into the tropics, an eastward shift of grasslands (expansion) and deserts (shrinkage), a reduction in alpine vegetation and an increase in net primary productivity of most vegetation types. Ecosystems in northern and western parts of China are more vulnerable to climate changes than those in eastern China, while ecosystems in the east are more vulnerable to land use changes other than climate changes. Such assessment could be helpful to address the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC Article 2).