熔融包裹体及其挥发分研究概况及分析方法简析

火山岩矿物斑晶中的熔融包裹体是矿物结晶时包裹了原始岩浆而成,未发生泄露和破坏的熔融包裹体可以有效地保存有关原始岩浆中各种物质的实际浓度,其成分代表着原始岩浆的成分,它能比较真实、直接地提供原始岩浆的信息,反映成岩成矿时的物理化学务件和岩浆演化情况,因此对熔融包裹体的研究是火山学研究中的一个重要方面。文章综述了近年来熔融包裹体研究的最新进展和应用,分析了对熔融包裹体的几种检测方法的优缺点,讨论了常见的"岩石学方法"的一些问题。     

Phytodegradation of extra heavy oil-based drill cuttings using mature reed wetland: an in situ pilot study

Environmental contamination caused by extra heavy oil-based drill cuttings (DCs) is a major problem in the Liaohe Oilfield, northeastern China. To study the potential effectiveness of the mature reed wetland in removing extra heavy oil contained in drill cuttings, biodegradation of extra heavy oils and study of the effects on soil property and ecophysiological and quality indices of reeds were carried out in a 2-year in situ pilot experiment. In the wetland, four reed beds were used to treat drill cuttings in various loadings: 0 (control), 5, 20, and 40 kg/m(2), corresponding to 150, 600, and 1200 g/m(2) extra heavy oil hydrocarbons (HCs). The obtained results demonstrate that the mature reed wetland was effective at degrading extra heavy oils without extra fertilization. Removal efficiencies of reed bed 2 in the 0- to 80-cm soil profile increased with time, from 90.1% (first harvest season) to 95.8% (second harvest season). After 2 years, only 4.2% of the initial hydrocarbons residual was retained in the surface soil. There was no apparent adverse effects on the surface soil property during degradation of extra heavy oils and, actually, the deeper soil property and reed quality indices were improved at the end of the experiment. Phytotoxicity, resulting in reduction of reed yield, was observed in the most heavily treated beds in the first year. However, long-term reed yield recovered robustly. During the 2-year period, reed height and leaf number were slightly inhibited.     

Mechanical Property and Biodegradability of Cast Films Prepared from Blends of Oppositely Charged Biopolymers

Biodegradable cast films of about 50 m thickness were fabricated by blending oppositely charged biopolymers such as anionic starch–chitosan, and cationic starch–pectin. The tensile strength and elongation at break (%) of films were evaluated as well as their capacity to degrade in compost. Films recovered from soil every 48 h showed consistent degradation (weight loss), diminution of the polymers characteristic peak absorbance in the carbohydrate fingerprint region of the FTIR, and changes in the surface morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anionic starch–chitosan films had much superior tensile strength and elongation compared to cationic starch–pectin, suggesting that the ionic bonds formed between anionic-starch and positively charged groups in chitosan polymer were much more stable and stronger. Initially, both films lost about 36% weight within 96 h, which also correlated well with the loss in the characteristic absorption peaks in the region of the infrared spectrum typical of biopolymers. The total mineralization of films by microorganisms in compost soil was also measured using respirometric techniques. Though the rate of mineralization differed for two formulations, total mineralization (extent) for both films were achieved within 45 days.     

Total waste-load control and allocation based on input-output analysis for Shenzhen, south China

The general objective for this paper is to reveal the dynamic relationships between the rapid economic development, water pollution and the subsequent waste-load allocation in different economic sectors through a case-study in Shenzhen City, South China. Two-objective analysis model was employed based on the input-output table for Shenzhen with the full consideration of various constraints in local area. The improved Tchebycheff procedure was used for obtaining the solutions. The predictions were made on economic development and pollutants from wastewater in different sectors and different planning years. The present study allows for the consideration of the economic structural adjustment. It is found that the current situation of economic structure is generally good and is subject to further adjustment in Shenzhen, although it has undergone the rapid development in the past 18 years. When the maximum Gross Domestic Production and the minimum Chemical Oxygen Demand are chosen as the two objectives subject to other constraints, the harmonized results indicated a scheme that claims substantial reduction of polluting effluences in Shenzhen while closely keeping the economic growth rate as planned.     

煤矿安全评价智能决策支持系统(MSAIDSS)的研究

随着安全科学及计算机技术的发展，基于计算机技术的智能决策支持系统（ＩＤＳＳ）就能应用到安全科学的研究之中。本文针对煤矿安全的特点，探讨了煤矿安全评价智能决策支持系统（ＭＳＡＩＤＳＳ）的构成及其运行图，将为实现煤矿安全管理现代化和决策科学化打下基础。     

天然气净化清洁生产工艺的应用

针对天然气净化生产过程中的主要产污环节,重庆天然气净化总厂成功推广应用了PALL高效过滤器、胺液复活装置等先进设备及超级或改良克劳斯硫磺回收、升流式厌氧污泥床层反应器(UASB)等清洁生产工艺。通过加强生产全过程管理,实施污染源头控制,显著削减污染物的产生量,取得了较好的环境效益和经济效益。     

地面沉降成灾临界水位的识别及意义

在分析以往研究不足的基础上,首次提出了地面沉降成灾临界水位的概念及一般确定方法。以长江三角洲地面沉降区代表城市为例,给出了根据已发生地面沉降灾害城市的地面沉降监测数据确定地面沉降成灾临界水位的具体方法,并确定了该地区地面沉降成灾临界水位。分析了地面沉降成灾临界水位对预防地面沉降灾害发生及合理开采地下水资源的重要意义。     

沼泽红假单胞菌去除铅的实验研究

采用沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)N菌株进行了去除铅的研究。考查pH、温度、接种量、供氧光照条件等因素对其生长及去除铅的影响。结果表明:菌株生长及去除Pb2+的最优条件是pH为7、厌氧光照、温度为30℃,接种量为0.6g·L-1,Pb2+的去除率可达95%以上;模拟了N菌株去除不同浓度Pb2+的动力学方程。进一步研究不同浓度Pb2+对N菌株细胞中半胱氨酸脱巯基酶比活力的影响,结果显示:Pb2+浓度分别为50,100,150mg·L-1时,可提高半胱氨酸脱巯基酶的活力,而当Pb2+浓度提高到200mg·L-1时则抑制其活力。     

吉林省冰雹灾害时空分布规律及特征分析

利用吉林省５３ 个气象站１９６０～１９９６ 年的冰雹资料, 对其冰雹天气发生的气候规律、时空分布特征、地理分布差异以及冰雹直径、路径、强度等方面进行了详尽分析, 旨在为此类天气的分析预报提供背景依据     

Factors influencing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions and control in major industrial sectors：Case evidence from Shandong Province, China

Analyzing determinants that influence polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran（PCDD/F） emissions is helpful for decision-makers to find effective and efficient ways to mitigate PCDD/F emissions. The PCDD/F emissions and the contributions of the scale effect, structure effect and technology effect to emissions from eight main industrial sectors in2006, 2008 and 2010 in Shandong Province, were calculated in this article. Total PCDD/F emissions in Shandong increased by 52.8% in 2008（614.1 g I-TEQ） and 49.7% in 2010（601.8 g I-TEQ） based on 2006（401.9 g I-TEQ）. According to the decomposition method, the largest influencing factor on PCDD/F emission changes was the composition effect（contributed 43.4%in 2008 and 120.6% in 2010 based on 2006）, which was also an emission-increasing factor.In this case, the present industrial restructuring policy should be adjusted to control the proportion of production capacities with high emission factors, such as iron ore sintering and steelmaking and the secondary non-ferrous metal sector. The scale effect increased the emissions in 2008（contributed 21.9%） and decreased the emissions in 2010（contributed-28.0%）. However, as a source control measure, the excess capacity control policy indeed had a significant role in emission reduction. The main reason for the technology effect（contributed 34.7% in 2008 and 7.4% in 2010 based on 2006） having an emission-increasing role was the weakness in implementing policies for restricting industries with outdated facilities. Some specific suggestions were proposed on PCDD/F reduction for local administrators at the end.