污染物在下包气带非饱水条件下迁移转化的研究

一、前言 城市污水施于农田,其中的污染物可能潜入地下水中造成危害,为了控制这种现象的发生,有必要开展污染物在地下包括下包气带的迁移转化规律研究,以供制订有关标准的依据。     

地震应急救灾效能研究

地震应急救灾效能是不同救援队震后救灾效果的最直接反映,救援队伍到达灾区的时间长短是影响救灾效能的最直接因素。该文首先分析了地震救援中被埋压人员的存活率问题,并将震后的救援力量分为三组:当地民众自救互救能力,当地及灾区周边的军队、武警、消防官兵的救援能力和地震专业救援队的救援能力,探讨了这三组救援队在地震救援过程中的救灾效能,及地震灾区的气温对救灾效能的影响。     

Remedial strategies for municipal solid waste management in China

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the current status and to identify the problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China to determine appropriate remedial strategies. This is the second of two papers proposed on this topic. Major problems or difficulties identified in MSW management in China include MSW land, air, and water pollution, commingled collection, poor administration, shortage of funds, lack of facilities, and problems of training and public awareness. In order to solve these problems and to improve MSW management in China, remedial strategies in three areas are recommended: institutional reform, technology development, and legislation and administrative improvement. The primary principle involved in institutional reform is unifying legislative responsibilities into one body and developing a market mechanism for handling MSW. Composting, landfills, and incineration should be equally developed in accordance with China's needs. The feasibility of developing technology to handle MSW in China is discussed. Also recommended is the establishment of sound regulatory systems, including a service fee system, a source separation system, and a training program. China is presently undergoing economic and institutional reform at the national and local levels. Results of this study will provide useful information on MSW management in China.     

黑斑蛙Dmrt1基因的克隆及在不同组织中的表达

Dmrt基因家族是新近发现的一个与性别决定相关的基因家族,该家族成员都含有一个新的具有DNA结合能力的保守基序——DM结构域.本文采用简并PCR技术,扩增并克隆了黑斑蛙基因组中的DM结构域,经序列分析,获得了Dmrt家族成员rnDmrt1;进一步根据获得的rnDmrt1序列,设计一对特异引物,采用RT-PCR技术对成蛙不同组织Dmrt1基因的表达进行了研究.结果发现,rnDmrt1只在精巢中特异表达,在卵巢、脑、肝、心、肾及肌肉组织中无表达,显示Dmrt1基因在性别决定和分化中有重要功能. 图4参9     

Persistent free radicals in humin under redox conditions and their impact in transforming polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

• Regulation of redox conditions promotes the generation of free radicals on HM. • HM-PFRs can be fractionated into active and inactive types depending on stability. • The newly produced PFRs readily release electrons to oxygen and generate ROS. • PFR-induced ROS mediate the transformation of organic contaminants adsorbed on HM. The role of humic substance-associated persistent free radicals (PFRs) in the fate of organic contaminants under various redox conditions remains unknown. This study examined the characterization of original metal-free peat humin (HM), and HM treated with varying concentrations of H₂O₂ and L-ascorbic acid (VC) (assigned as H₂O₂-HM and VC-HM). The concentration of PFRs in HM increased with the addition of VC/H₂O₂ at concentrations less than 0.08 M. The evolution of PFRs in HM under different environmental conditions (e.g., oxic/anoxic and humidity) was investigated. Two types of PFRs were detected in HM: a relatively stable radical existed in the original sample, and the other type, which was generated by redox treatments, was relatively unstable. The spin densities of VC/H₂O₂-HM readily returned to the original value under relatively high humidity and oxic conditions. During this process, the HM-associated “unstable” free radicals released an electron to O₂, inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, i.e., ^•OH and ^•O₂⁻). The generated ROS promoted the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on the radical quenching measurements. The transformation rates followed the order naphthalene>phenanthrene>anthracene>benzo[a]pyrene. Our results provide valuable insight into the HM-induced transformation of organic contaminants under natural conditions.     

石油类物质的湿沉降及其对区域水环境的影响:以正构烷烃为指示物

为评估含有机污染物的湿沉降对区域水环境污染的贡献,在广州市3个采样点(海珠区、天河区和萝岗区)采集了2010年湿沉降样品(157个),并在天河点采集了12个干沉降、11个地表径流及10个气溶胶样品,并对其中指示化合物正构烷烃的浓度、来源和通量进行分析.正构烷烃(包括从C20—C34的15种同系物)总浓度范围为0.6—292μg·L-1;从季节上看,其在雨季(4—9月)的浓度低于旱季(1—3月和10—12月).碳优势指数和主成分分析结果表明,广州市的正构烷烃主要来源于石油产品的消费(50%),暗示石油产品消耗是主要污染源;其次来自植物排放(38%).此外,广州市在2010年有55±80 t(平均值±标准偏差)正构烷烃经干沉降和湿沉降至地表,其中湿沉降的贡献为39±80 t.同时,大约有224±296 t正构烷烃通过地表径流进入到珠江,反映了面源污染对区域水环境影响很大.因此,控制石油产品的消费和治理地表径流,是抑制面源污染、改善区域水环境的两个途径.     

Experimental research on displacing coal bed methane with supercritical CO2

The high-gas and low-permeability are the common problems of China coal mine, which restrain the mining of coal-seam gas resources safely and efficiently. Hence, to solve the problem of low permeability of coal seam, an experimental system was set up and experimental research was conducted to investigate the effect of the displacement of methane by injecting supercritical CO₂ into coal samples. The experimental results indicated that, the extraction effect of supercritical CO₂ changes the coal’s porosity, and broadens the seepage channel for methane. Thus, the methane could be desorbed effectively from the coal matrix, and flow through more cracks at higher speed.     

典型抗生素二元混合物对明亮发光杆菌的急性联合毒性

以明亮发光杆菌作为受试生物,测定了不同类型抗生素的二元混合物对明亮发光杆菌的等比急性联合毒性.结果表明,4类抗生素对明亮发光杆菌二元等比急性联合毒性主要呈加和效应及拮抗效应.本研究可为水体中抗生素的联合生态风险评价和修复提供理论依据.     

膨润土对土壤腐殖质特性的影响

砂质土壤腐殖质含量低,影响了土壤肥力.文章通过田间条件下砂滤管试验,利用膨润土的吸附和粘结功能,研究了膨润土不同用量对土壤腐殖质特性的影响.结果表明:膨润土在促进松结态腐殖质分解、加速紧结态腐殖质合成方面发挥了重要作用,有利于增加土壤系统的内稳性.施用膨润土促进了紧结态和稳结态腐殖质中HA的积累,提高了HA/FA比.胡敏酸红外吸收光谱表明,膨润土能使其脂肪族物质增多、芳化度降低.膨润土具有提高土壤腐殖质含量,改善土壤腐殖质特性,从而提高了土壤肥力.     

不同灌水条件下冬小麦的产量、水分利用与氮素利用特点

了解不同灌水量(次数)处理条件下华北平原地区冬小麦的产量形成、氮素利用与水分利用的特点.在大田相同的施肥量与施肥方式、播前浇底墒水750m3.hm-2条件下,设置春季不灌水、春季灌2水(拔节+开花)和春季灌4水(起身+孕穗+开花+灌浆)3个水分处理(每次灌水定额750 m3.hm-2),分析了不同灌水量(次数)对植株氮素吸收利用、产量、土壤水分动态及利用效率的影响.冬小麦生育期内总耗水量和开花后耗水量均表现为随灌水次数(量)增加而增大的趋势,但耗土壤水量却随灌水增加而显著减少.春季灌水处理的经济产量均显著高于春季不灌水处理,但春灌2水和春灌4水之间无显著差异.水分利用效率(WUE)在春不灌水和春灌2水间无显著差异.但它们均显著高于春季灌4水处理.植株总吸氮量均随着灌水次数(灌水量)的增加而呈现出上升的趋势,春灌2水和灌4水处理的总吸氮量无显著差异,但它们均显著大于不灌水处理.氮素生理效率和氮素收获指数随灌水量(次数)增加略有下降,不同灌水处理之间并无显著差异.春灌2水处理相对春季不灌水处理显著提高了经济产量和植株总吸氮量,水分利用效率并没有明显下降;与春灌4水处理相比,经济产量和植株总吸氮量没有明显降低.但水分利用效率和水分边际效益显著提高.冬小麦节水栽培(春灌2水)有利于节水、氮素高效利用和高产的实现.