重庆市夏秋季VOCs对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的估算

为估算重庆市夏秋季VOCs（挥发性有机物）对O₃和SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的生成潜势,利用在线GC-MS/FID在2015年8月22日-9月23日对重庆市区点和郊区点VOCs开展了为期一个月的实时观测,获得市区点和郊区点$ \varphi $（TVOCs）（总挥发性有机物）分别为41.35×10-9和22.72×10-9,其中市区点以烷烃（35.2%）和烯炔烃（25.2%）为主,郊区点以含氧挥发性有机物（oxygenated volatile organic compounds,OVOCs）（30.6%）和烷烃（26.0%）为主.结合最大增量反应活性量化市区点和郊区点VOCs的OFPs（臭氧生成潜势）分别为149.11×10-9和71.09×10-9,市区点OFPs最大的是乙烯、丙烯、甲苯、C8和C9的芳香烃等,郊区点OFPs最大的VOCs是丙烯醛、异戊二烯和甲基乙烯基酮.结合气溶胶生成系数量化郊区点和市区点VOCs对SOA的生成贡献分别为0.36和1.26 μg/m3,相比国内其余城市VOCs的SOAP（二次有机气溶胶生成潜势）较小,主要以甲基环己烷、正壬烷、正葵烷和十一烷等高碳烷烃,以及甲苯、苯、二甲苯和乙苯等芳香烃的SOAP为主.研究显示,控制烯炔烃和芳香烃的浓度有助于控制重庆市O₃的生成,控制高碳烷烃和芳香烃则有助于控制重庆市SOA的生成.      

1025t/h四角切圆煤粉炉内空气过量系数对NO生成的影响

文章采用计算流体力学软件Fluent数值模拟了1 025 t/h四角切圆煤粉炉内的湍流扩散燃烧,分析了空气过量系数对炉内烟气速度、烟气温度和氮氧化物组分的影响。结果表明:空气过量系数会对炉内流场的空气动力学特性和温度场分布均匀性产生显著影响。煤粉炉膛最佳空气过量系数为1.07,此时炉内温度场、速度场和浓度场的分布可使燃烧中间产物HCN和NH_3较好的将燃料型NO还原为N_2,来充分发挥空气分级燃烧降低NO排放的功效。     

中国村镇生活垃圾的养分与重金属含量特征及其农用潜力分析

对全国12个省份72个典型村镇进行了生活垃圾采样调查,系统分析了我国农村生活垃圾的基本理化特性、养分含量与重金属特征及其农用潜力。研究表明:我国典型村镇生活垃圾含水率为(53.68±8.84)%,p H为7.11±0.56,有机质含量为(49.04±10.49)%,C/N约为43∶1,C/P约为144∶1。除C/N略高外,其余特性均适合进行堆肥化处置。我国典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr,Cu和Zn含量分别为(7.645±8.729),(0.737±0.480),(21.798±17.606),(3.356±11.012),(108.632±84.011),(36.834±10.905),(80.093±42.237)mg/kg。与国内相关标准相比,只有Hg、Cd超标,最大超标率分别为29.17%、43.75%;与欧美相关标准相比,仅有Cd、Cr超标,最大超标率分别为25.69%、37.50%。     

一种多介质层波形潜流人工湿地处理重污染河水试验

我国河流污染严重,城市黑臭水体的比率日益增加。人工湿地作为一种高效低耗能的绿色处理技术,已被广泛应用于污染河水的治理。通过对比分析分层装填复合填料的多介质层波形潜流人工湿地和单一砾石填料的普通人工湿地处理重污染河水的效果,研究了特种基质填料强化脱氮除磷作用以及不同水力负荷条件的影响。试验结果表明:在水力负荷为0.2 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到55.95%、77.85%、39.80%和54.94%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到58.52%、75.99%、67.08%和57.31%。在水力负荷为0.5 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到68.46%、90.73%、42.13%和53.70%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到69.61%、89.94%、77.58%和68.63%,其脱氮效果明显好于普通湿地。以复合填料包分层装填的波形潜流人工湿地系统具有良好的脱氮除磷效果,有很好的推广应用价值。     

深圳湾沉积物重金属污染时空分布特征

根据1992~2013年间深圳湾沉积物的监测数据,重点分析了重金属砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、汞（Hg）和锌（Zn）含量、来源、相关性、污染程度和生态风险等污染状况。深圳湾沉积物中重金属含量存在明显的时空分布特征。1992~2013年间,深圳湾尤其是近岸海域,沉积物重金属含量的基本变化趋势为先增加后下降,重金属含量在2000~2009年间相对较高;Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg和Zn的含量从湾内到湾口逐渐降低。重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和As的富集因子指数较高,说明这4种重金属主要来自人类活动。Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn之间存在明显的相关性,具有相似污染途径和迁移过程。深圳湾底泥中重金属Pb、Zn和Cu属于轻微污染程度,其他重金属为无污染程度。深圳湾沉积物重金属的生态危害程度为轻微生态风险,重金属中Hg的生态风险指数最高,As和Cd次之。     

基于光学视频的冰区核电海面浮冰监测与分析系统设计

随着能源需求的不断扩大,大型核电工程已逐渐向有冰海域分布。海冰是有冰海域海洋活动的首要灾害性环境要素,冰区核电站正常运行的首要问题是如何保障冷源取水不受海冰灾害影响而失效。本文根据冰区海水直接利用工程的监测需求,分析了光学视频在特定小区域海面浮冰监测中的优势,并基于海冰灾害风险评估的理论框架和信息处理流程,初步设计了冰区核电海面浮冰监测与分析系统。系统建成后,结合实时监测数据和风险评估数据库,可以快速提供冷源取水堵塞风险和预警信息,为企业和有关部门及时有效的采取防灾措施提供依据。     

军绿有机涂层和金属漆涂层全浸泡下的腐蚀行为对比研究

目的针对车辆装备长期在高盐雾、高湿热、高日照等恶劣的气候环境下使用,会受到腐蚀影响的现状,探究现役军用有机涂层防护性能。方法采用电化学阻抗谱技术研究军绿有机涂层和金属漆涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为,分析这两种涂层在浸泡期间的电化学阻抗谱特征,通过拟合等效电路得到涂层电阻R_c和涂层电容C_c,并用这两个电化学参数评价军绿有机涂层和金属漆涂层的耐蚀性能。结果军绿有机涂层抗腐蚀介质渗透能力很强,而金属漆涂层抗腐蚀介质渗透能力稍弱。结论两种涂层都表现出很好的防护性能,且金属漆涂层在腐蚀后期的防护性能要优于军绿有机涂层。     

军绿有机涂层破损腐蚀行为研究

目的研究不同破损程度下军绿有机涂层的腐蚀行为,确定破损率对其防护性能变化的影响。方法通过人工制作不同的破损率,并利用电化学阻抗谱技术,研究不同破损程度下军绿有机涂层的电化学特征。结果根据不同破损程度下的军绿有机涂层的电化学特征,确定了涂层从完好到失效的四个阶段,初始完好阶段(破损率K≤0.0004%)、破损增大阶段(0.0016%K≤0.04%)、破损过大阶段(0.16%K≤1%)和失效阶段(4%K≤16%)。结论破损率K为0.04%的点是该涂层防护性能急转直下的转折点,因此破损率K大于0.04%时,应及时对车辆表面涂层进行修补和防护。     

Pollination syndromes ignored: importance of non-ornithophilous flowers to Neotropical savanna hummingbirds

Generalization prevails in flower–animal interactions, and although animal visitors are not equally effective pollinators, most interactions likely represent an important energy intake for the animal visitor. Hummingbirds are nectar-feeding specialists, and many tropical plants are specialized toward hummingbird-pollination. In spite of this, especially in dry and seasonal tropical habitats, hummingbirds may often rely on non-ornithophilous plants to meet their energy requirements. However, quantitative studies evaluating the relative importance of ornithophilous vs. non-ornithophilous plants for hummingbirds in these areas are scarce. We here studied the availability and use of floral resources by hummingbirds in two different areas of the Cerrado, the seasonal savannas in Central Brazil. Roughly half the hummingbird visited plant species were non-ornithophilous, and these contributed greatly to increase the overall nectar availability. We showed that mean nectar offer, at the transect scale, was the only parameter related to hummingbird visitation frequency, more so than nectar offer at single flowers and at the plant scale, or pollination syndrome. Centrality indices, calculated using hummingbird–plant networks, showed that ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous plants have similar importance for network cohesion. How this foraging behaviour affects reproduction of non-ornithophilous plants remains largely unexplored and is probably case specific, however, we suggest that the additional energy provided by non-ornithophilous plants may facilitate reproduction of truly ornithophilous flowers by attracting and maintaining hummingbirds in the area. This may promote asymmetric hummingbird–plant associations, i.e., pollination depends on floral traits adapted to hummingbird morphology, but hummingbird visitation is determined more by the energetic "reward" than by pollination syndromes.     

Cost-performance analysis of nutrient removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch process based on kinetic modeling

A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs (aeration energy and sludge production) with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that,in comparison with the baseline (all of the 9 aerators activated), the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250–300 m3/day (solid retention time (SRT), 13–15 days) was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was: activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of "111100100" ( "1"represents activation and "0" represents inactivation) for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day (SRT, 19 days). Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost (46%) and minimal increment of sludge production (< 2%). This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.