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51.
Nandkishore S. Thombare Nisha Aggarwal Rajesh Kumar Madhuban Gopal 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):326-335
Crop losses due to bacterial pathogens are a major global concern. Most of the available pesticides for these pathogens suffer from various drawbacks such as complicated synthesis, high cost, high toxicity, pesticide resistance and environmental hazards. To overcome these drawbacks, the present study was undertaken to find a potent bactericide. Therefore, a series of compounds comprising bioactive furyl and oxazolone rings was synthesized under microwave irradiation and screened for in vitro antibacterial activity. The reactions were completed in fewer than 2 minutes with minimal use of solvents and resulted in high yields. These compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against plant pathogens, Xanthomonas oryzae, Ralstonia solanacearum and nitrifying bacteria, Nitrosomonas species under laboratory conditions. Five compounds were active as antibacterial agents against Xanthomonas oryzae and Ralstonia solanacearum. However, all compounds were effective against the Nitrosomonas species and the best one was 2-furyl-4-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-5(4H)-oxazolone. The study revealed the fast and environmentally friendly synthesis of bioactive title compounds, which also hold promise to be used as prototypes for the discovery of potent analogues. 相似文献
52.
Vinay K. Khatiwala Nilanshu Shekhar Saroj Aggarwal U. K. Mandal 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2008,16(1):61-67
The biodegradation behavior of PCL film with high molecular weight (80,000 Da) in presence of bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis and the analysis of degraded polymer film have been carried out. Thin Films of PCL were prepared by means of solution casting
method and the bacterial degradation behavior was carried in basal medium, in presence of bacteria with time variation after
UV treatment. It was observed that after UV treatment the degradation of polymer film was increased and the degradation rate
followed a three steps degradation mechanism. The degraded polymer film was analyzed by means of Differential Scanning Calorimeter
(DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR). DSC results revealed that at
the initial stages of the degradation up to 15–20 days, the bacterium preferentially degrades the amorphous parts of the polymer
film over the crystalline zone. Thermo gravimetric analysis highlighted the low temperature stability of degraded films with
extent of degradation. FTIR results showed the chain scission mechanism of the polymer chains and also supported the preferential
degradation of amorphous phase over crystalline phase in the initial stages of the degradation. 相似文献
53.
Y. C. Sharma P. Aggarwal T. N. Singh 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(3):589-599
India is the first country to introduce environmental legislation in the constitution but because of lengthy legal procedures,
it is very difficult to control environmental deterioration. There are many factors responsible for this deterioration. Coal
mining is one such activity where deterioration is very severe and the present communication aims this aspect. Coal is the
one of the most essential mineral having large reserves in India. It’s mining and beneficiation produce a variety of pollutants.
The main pollutants emitted during the processing of coal are green house gases, coal dust and acid mine drainage. Many reports
on different aspects of coal mining are available including reports on emission of different pollutants but the present work
is probably only of it’s kind in which the authors have tried to determine environment liability directly in terms of economy.
It was found that greenhouse liabilities, coal dust liability and sulphur liability are accounted for 12.07, 5.0 and 101.97
US$, making an overall 2.4% of the total economic gains due to coal mining. During the calculations approximate number of
total workers and other parameters have been taken into consideration. Who pays for this irreversible damage is a question.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
54.
Gopal Datt Bhatta Pramod Kumar Aggarwal Amit Kumar Shrivastava Lindsay Sproule 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2016,18(6):1657-1678
Farmers in the Indo-Gangetic Plains are constantly seeking ways to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities that include new technologies, institutions, policies, socio-economic and cultural shifts, as well as a changing climate. The relationship between rainfall and local livelihoods is important to devise policies to improve adaptive capacity of farmers to different drivers of changes. The present study investigates whether the spatial variations in rainfall have prompted the location-specific livelihood diversification by using data from 2660 farm families in the climatic risk areas in India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The results show a higher on-farm livelihood diversification in the areas with high rainfall (1500–2100 mm) compared to medium (900–1500 mm) and very high rainfall regimes (>2100 mm). Based on this study, the optimal range of rainfall for better agricultural livelihood in the context of changing environmental circumstances is from 1500 to 2100 mm. In terms of farm practices changed (proxy of adaptability), farmers responded more frequently to the market-related drivers than climatic stressors. Farmers in climate vulnerable areas (Bihar and coastal Bangladesh for instance) responded more to climatic stressors than those living in relatively less vulnerable areas (Terai for instance). The results imply that livelihood strategies should be tailor-made along the climatic resources such as rainfall, considering other biophysical and socio-economic variations at the spatial scale. Identifying household and farm-level coping strategies along the rainfall gradient can also be useful in targeting interventions to build resilience to shocks. 相似文献
55.
Suresh K. Aggarwal Xiao Fu Sameera Wijeyakulasuriya 《International Journal of Green Energy》2016,13(5):431-445
Recent strategies for simultaneously reducing NOx and soot emissions have focused on achieving nearly premixed, low-temperature combustion (LTC) in diesel engines. A promising approach in this regard is to vary fuel reactivity in order to control the ignition delay and optimize the level of premixing and reduce emissions. The present study examines such a strategy by performing 3-D simulations in a single-cylinder of a diesel engine. Simulations employ the state-of-the-art two-phase models and a validated semi-detailed reaction mechanism. The fuel reactivity is varied by using a blend of n-heptane and iso-octane, which represent surrogates for gasoline and diesel fuels, respectively. Results indicate that the fuel reactivity strongly influences ignition delay and combustion phasing, whereas the start of injection (SOI) affects combustion phasing. As fuel reactivity is reduced, the ignition delay is increased and the combustion phasing is retarded. The longer ignition delay provides additional time for mixing, and reduces equivalence ratio stratification. Consequently, the premixed combustion is enhanced relative to diffusion combustion, and thus the soot emission is reduced. NOx emission is also reduced due to reduced diffusion combustion and lower peak temperatures caused by delayed combustion phasing. An operability range is observed in terms of fuel reactivity and SOI, beyond which the mixture may not be sufficiently well mixed, or compression ignited. The study demonstrates the possibility of finding an optimum range of fuel reactivity, SOI, and EGR for significantly reducing engine out emissions for a given load and speed. 相似文献
56.
Gulab Singh Anish Kumari Arpana Mittal Varsha Goel Anita Yadav Neeraj Kumar Aggarwal 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(2):441-449
The present study describes the treatment of sugar industry waste water and its use as a potential low cost substrate for production of bioplastic by Bacillus subtilis NG05. The B. subtilis NG05 grow at the rate of 0.14 g h?1 L?1 of production media used and accumulate the 50.1 % of poly β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). The phase contrast microscopy revealed the presence of PHB granules in B. subtilis NG05 which was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance. The polymer was further analysed by differential scanning calorimetry. PHB production yield was achieved up to 4.991 g L?1 with Sugar industry waste water as sole nutrient source. Thus the process provided dual benefits of conversion of a waste material into value added product, PHB and waste management. 相似文献
57.
Priyanka Aggarwal Smriti Gaur Pammi Gauba 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2014,16(1):71-78
The toxic form of methylmercury is of concern in terms of its neurotoxicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. Extensive research has been carried out on the effects of exposure to high levels of this toxic compound, but this is not true for research on exposure to lower levels. The harmful effects of methylmercury are a cause for concern irrespective of the exposure levels. The problem becomes more serious because of biomagnifications of methylmercury. Disorders may develop during neonatal stage and then develop further during the lifetime. The common effects which can be seen are retarded brain development and permanent disorders like cerebral palsy. This can also cause neurogenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Research on animals has also shown toxicity. Inorganic Hg was found to be present in brains of neonatal rats, in monkeys prenatal exposure to MeHg resulted in a reduced number of births, and birds laid a lesser number of eggs and the infant mortality rate was higher. 相似文献
58.
Rohit Kumar Awadhesh K. Rai Devanathan Alamelu Suresh K. Aggarwal 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(1):171-180
Industrial waste is one of the main causes of environmental pollution. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to detect the toxic metals in the sludge of industrial waste water. Sludge on filter paper was obtained after filtering the collected waste water samples from different sections of a water treatment plant situated in an industrial area of Kanpur City. The LIBS spectra of the sludge samples were recorded in the spectral range of 200 to 500 nm by focusing the laser light on sludge. Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) technique was used for the quantitative measurement of toxic elements such as Cr and Pb present in the sample. We also used the traditional calibration curve approach to quantify these elements. The results obtained from CF-LIBS are in good agreement with the results from the calibration curve approach. Thus, our results demonstrate that CF-LIBS is an appropriate technique for quantitative analysis where reference/standard samples are not available to make the calibration curve. The results of the present experiment are alarming to the people living nearby areas of industrial activities, as the concentrations of toxic elements are quite high compared to the admissible limits of these substances. 相似文献
59.
Banerjee B Aggarwal PK Pathak H Singh AK Chaudhary A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,119(1-3):173-189
Rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) occupying 12 million ha of productive land are important for the food security of South Asia. There are, however, concerns that yield and factor productivity trends in these systems are declining/stagnating in recent years. Decrease in soil organic carbon is often suggested as a reason for such trends. A field experiment was conducted to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dynamics in the rice-wheat systems. Use of organic amendments and puddling of soil before rice transplanting increased SOC and MBC contents. Microbial biomass carbon showed a seasonal pattern. It was low initially, reached its peak during the flowering stages in both rice and wheat and declined thereafter. Microbial biomass carbon was linearly related to SOC in both rice and wheat indicating that SOC could be used as a proxy for MBC. 相似文献
60.