一株氯苯优势降解菌的降解条件优化

以氯苯降解率为降解效果指标,以降解温度、初始pH、降解时间、接种量和氯苯初始浓度为影响因素,对实验室保藏的一株氯苯优势降解菌株Lysinibacillus fusiformis LW13降解氯苯的降解条件进行优化。单因素试验结果表明,该降解菌株对氯苯的适宜降解条件分别为:温度20～40℃,pH为8.0,降解时间4 d,接种量2%～4%,氯苯初始浓度60～140 mg/L。以降解温度、氯苯初始浓度和接种量这三个显著影响因素进行正交试验,结果表明各影响因素的主次顺序为降解温度>氯苯初始浓度>接种量,最佳降解条件为降解温度35℃、氯苯初始浓度100 mg/L和接种量4%,最佳降解条件下氯苯降解率可高达93.8%。     

植被在大气汞收支中作用的研究进展与展望

在汞的生物地球化学循环中,对于"源"和"汇"的认识还存在许多不确定性。大气汞收支不平衡的问题使得植被在汞循环中的作用日益凸现;开展植被在大气汞收支中作用的研究有助于为全球汞减排政策的制定提供参考。本文首先概述了植被中汞的来源和影响因素及其与大气汞的源汇关系;进而重点论述了植被参与大气汞收支的主要方式:凋落物沉降、生物质燃烧和植被表面与大气汞的动态交换,并阐述了植被在大气汞污染监测中的应用;最后在总结我国相关研究的基础上展望了未来的发展方向。     

Enhanced dewatering characteristics of waste activated sludge with Fenton pretreatment: effectiveness and statistical optimization

In this work, the enhanced dewaterabing characteristics of waste activated sludge using Fenton pretreatment was investigated in terms of effectiveness and statistical optimization. Response surface method （RSM） and central composite design （CCD） were applied to evaluate and optimize the effectiveness of important operational parameters, i.e., H202 concentrations, Fe2＋ concentrations and initial pH values. A significant quadratic polynomial model was obtained （R2= 0.9189） with capillary suction time （CST） reduction efficiency as the response. Numerical optimization based on desirability function was carried out. The optimum values for H202, Fe2, and initial pH were found to be 178 mg-g-1 VSS （volatile suspended solids）, 211mg.gI VSS and 3.8, respectively, at which CST reduction efficiency of 98.25% could be achieved. This complied well with those predicted by the established polynomial model. The results indicate that Fenton pretreatment is an effective technique for advanced waste activated sludge dewatering. The enhancement of sludge dewaterability by Fenton＇s reagent lies in the migration of sludge bound water due to the disintegration of sludge flocs and microbial cells lysis.     

Effects of nutrient concentration and litter cover on quantitative shoot parameters and belowground biomass of Zizania latifolia (L)

This study investigated the effect of nutrient concentration and litter cover on the development of quantitative shoot parameters and belowground biomass (BGB) production of Zizania latifolia. Zizania latifolia is a common emergent aquatic species in East Asia. Four treatments were done at the study site, and were observed between May 2003 and December 2005. The treatments are namely, high nutrient (HN) with litter cover (HNWL), high nutrient without litter cover (HNNL), low nutrient (LN) with litter cover (LNWL), and low nutrient without litter cover (LNNL). The quantitative shoot parameters and BGB had higher values for treatments with high nutrient (HN) compared to the low nutrient treatments (LN), independent of the presence of litter cover. Furthermore, the life span of the secondary shoots was also higher in HN treatments compared to LN treatments. The BGB productivity was higher in the HNNL treatment compared to the other treatments. The LNWL treatment showed the least developed quantitative shoot parameters, e.g. plant height, and the lowest BGB for Z. latifolia. It was generally observed that the combined effects of low nutrients and litter cover negatively affected shoot development and BGB production.     

The uptake and translocation of selected elements by cole (Brassica) grown using oasis soils in pot experiments

Pot experiments were conducted on cole (Brassica) grown in soils jointly treated with traces of two heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). As the concentration of heavy metals in the soil increased, the uptake of these metals by the plants rose. However, the ratio of heavy metal concentration in soil to uptake by plants increased at a slower rate. Bioavailability of heavy metals considered between the roots and soil using non-linear regressions was shown to be statistically significant. Similarly, the bioavailability of these two heavy metals between leaves and roots using a linear regression was also statistically significant. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for Cd and Zn were 0.282 and 4.289, respectively. Significant variation of BCF with the heavy metal bioavailability in soil was noted from non-linear models. The transfer factors (TFs) were 4.49 for Cd and 1.39 for Zn. The Zn concentration in leaves under all treatments did not exceed threshold set standards, but Cd levels exceeded these standards when the concentration of Cd in the soil was more than 1.92 mg kg^?1 dry weight (dw). Data indicate that cole (Brassica) is not a suitable crop for oasis soils because of plant contamination with heavy metals, especially Cd.     

Evaluation and remediation of organics,nutrients and heavy metals in landfill leachate – a case study in Beijing

Leachate pollution in landfill sites is a major source of environmental concern. This study evaluates organics, nutrients and heavy metals in a landfill site in Beijing, and introduces a method combining coagulation–flocculation with filtration for the advanced treatment of leachate. The results confirm that COD_Cr, TN, NH₄⁺ ? N, TP, Mn and As in leachate treated by an anaeobic–oxic biological method are unable to meet discharge or surface water quality standards. When treated with coagulation–flocculation combined with filtration under optimal conditions (cationic polyacrylamide dosage of 8.0 mg/L; polyaluminium chloride dosage of 350 mg/L; 0.4–0.6 mm ceramsite media in the filtration process), the residual NH₄⁺? N, TN, Mn and As in the leachate meet the maximum allowed values for landfill leachate discharge or surface water quality standards in China; the exceptions are chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus. Leachate treatment processes could be further strengthened or improved.     

酞酸酯暴露及风险评价研究进展

酞酸酯的暴露及健康风险研究日趋深入。在综述了酞酸酯的物化性质、接触机会两方面特性,以及体内代谢、健康危害两方面的最新研究进展基础上,比较了其国内外相关标准现状,总结了酞酸酯暴露评估现状及健康风险研究现状,提出并分析了存在的问题,并对其今后的研究进行了展望。     

Harvesting and climate effects on organic matter characteristics in British Columbia coastal forests

As part of investigations into the effects of harvesting old-growth forest, we characterized carbon in five organic matter pools in eight forest chronosequences of coastal British Columbia. Each chronosequence comprised stands in four seral stages from regeneration (3-8 yr) to old-growth (>250 yr), with second-growth stands mostly of harvest origin. Stands were located in two biogeoclimatic subzones with contrasting climate (wetter, slightly cooler conditions on the west coast of Vancouver Island than on the east). Carbon concentrations in fine woody debris (FWD), forest floor (LFH), fine roots from LFH, and two water-floatable fractions from 10 to 30 cm mineral soil (MIN-ROOT, 2-8 mm and MIN-FLOAT, <2 mm) showed no significant effects due to climate, seral stage, or site. There were some significant differences in N concentrations, but none related to seral stage. Carbon-13 cross-polarization with magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra with principal component analysis of relative areas also showed little harvesting effect, but greater variation related to input of coarse woody debris (CWD) vs. roots high in tannin. Overall, there tended to be more spectral features associated with wood and lignin in the west; whereas some MIN-ROOT samples from the drier east side had aromatic intensity attributed to charcoal. The minimal effects of one harvest on organic matter are most likely due to the large legacy effect; however, more intensive management will probably result in less CWD retention, less charcoal input, and less microsite variability in these pools of poorly decomposed organic matter.     

In situ push-pull method to determine ground water denitrification in riparian zones

To quantify ground water denitrification in discrete locations of riparian aquifers, we modified and evaluated an in situ method based on conservative tracers and 15N-enriched nitrate. Ground water was "pushed" (i.e., injected) into a mini-piezometer and then "pulled" (i.e., extracted) from the same mini-piezometer after an incubation period. This push-pull method was applied in replicate mini-piezometers at two Rhode Island riparian sites, one fresh water and one brackish water. Conservative tracer pretests were conducted to determine incubation periods, ranging from 5 to 120 h, to optimize recovery of introduced plumes. For nitrate push-pull tests, we used two conservative tracers, sulfur hexafluoride and bromide, to provide insight into plume recovery. The two conservative tracers behaved similarly. The dosing solutions were amended with 15N-enriched nitrate that enabled us to quantify the mass of denitrification gases generated during the incubation period. The in situ push-pull method detected substantial denitrification rates at a site where we had previously observed high denitrification rates. At our brackish site, we found high rates of ground water denitrification in marsh locations and minimal denitrification in soils fringing the marsh. The push-pull method can provide useful insights into spatial and temporal patterns of denitrification in riparian zones. The method is robust and results are not seriously affected by dilution or degassing from ground water to soil air. In conjunction with measurements of ground water flow-paths, this method holds promise for evaluating the influence of site and management factors on the ground water nitrate removal capacity of riparian zones.     

Arsenic accumulation in the hyperaccumulator Chinese brake and its utilization potential for phytoremediation

The unique property of arsenic hyperaccumulation by the newly discovered Chinese brake (Pteris vittata L.) fern is of great significance in the phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils. The objectives of this study were to (i) examine arsenic accumulation characterized by its distribution pattern in Chinese brake, and (ii) assess the phytoextraction potential of the plant. Young ferns with five or six fronds were transferred to an arsenic-contaminated soil containing 98 mg As kg-1 and grown for 20 wk in a greenhouse. At harvest, the Chinese brake produced a total dry biomass of 18 g plant-1. Arsenic concentration in the fronds was 6000 mg kg-1 dry mass after 8 wk of transplanting, and it increased to 7230 mg kg-1 after 20 wk with a bioconcentration factor (ratio of plant arsenic concentration to water-soluble arsenic in soil) of 1450 and a translocation factor (ratio of arsenic concentration in shoot to that in root) of 24. The arsenic concentrations increased as the fronds aged, with the old fronds accumulating as much as 13,800 mg As kg-1. Most (approximately 90%) of the arsenic taken up by the Chinese brake was transported to the fronds, with the lowest arsenic concentrations in roots. About 26% of the initial soil arsenic was removed by the plant after 20 wk of transplanting. Our data suggest that the arsenic hyperaccumulating property of the Chinese brake could be exploited on a large scale to remediate arsenic contaminated soils.