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781.
CO2 capture and storage from a bioethanol plant: Carbon and energy footprint and economic assessment
A. Laude O. Ricci G. Bureau J. Royer-Adnot A. Fabbri 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011,5(5):1220-1231
Biomass energy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can lead to a net removal of atmospheric CO2. This paper investigates environmental and economic performances of CCS retrofit applied to two mid-sized refineries producing ethanol from sugar beets. Located in the Region Centre France, each refinery has two major CO2 sources: fermentation and cogeneration units. “carbon and energy footprint” (CEF) and “discounted cash flow” (DCF) analyses show that such a project could be a good opportunity for CCS early deployment. CCS retrofit on fermentation only with natural gas fired cogeneration improves CEF of ethanol production and consumption by 60% without increasing much the non renewable energy consumption. CCS retrofit on fermentation and natural gas fired cogeneration is even more appealing by decreasing of 115% CO2 emissions, while increasing non renewable energy consumption by 40%. DCF shows that significant project rates of return can be achieved for such small sources if both a stringent carbon policy and direct subsidies corresponding to 25% of necessary investment are assumed. We also underlined that transport and storage cost dilution can be realistically achieved by clustering emissions from various plants located in the same area. On a single plant basis, increasing ethanol production can also produce strong economies of scale. 相似文献
782.
783.
Dunxi Yu William J. Morris Raphael Erickson Jost O.L. Wendt Andrew Fry Constance L. Senior 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011
Ash deposition is still an unresolved problem when retrofitting existing air-fired coal power plants to oxy-fuel combustion. Experimental data are quite necessary for mechanism validation and model development. This work was designed to obtain laboratory combustor data on ash and deposits from oxy-coal combustion, and to explore the effects of oxy-firing on their formation. Two bituminous coals (Utah coal and Illinois coal) and one sub-bituminous coal (PRB coal) were burned on a down-fired combustor under both oxy- and air-firing. Two oxy-fired cases, i.e., 27 vol% O2/73 vol% CO2 and 32 vol% O2/68 vol% CO2, were selected to match the radiation flux and the adiabatic flame temperature of air combustion, respectively. Once-through CO2 was used to simulate fully cleaned recycled flue gas. The flue gas excess oxygen was fixed at 3 vol%. For each case, both size-segregated fly ash and bulk fly ash samples were obtained. Simultaneously, ash deposits were collected on an especially designed un-cooled deposition probe. Ash particle size distributions and chemical composition of all samples were characterized. Data showed that oxy-firing had insignificant impacts on the tri-modal ash particle size distributions and composition size distributions in the size range studied. Bulk ash compositions also showed no significant differences between oxy- and air-firing, except for slightly higher sulfur contents in some oxy-fired ashes. The oxy-fired deposits were thicker than those from air-firing, suggesting enhanced ash deposition rates in oxy-firing. Oxy-firing also had apparent impacts on the deposit composition, especially for those components (e.g., CaO, Fe2O3, SO3, etc.) that could contribute significantly to ash deposition. Based on these results, aerodynamic changes in gas flow and changes in combustion temperature seemed more important than chemical changes of ash particles in determining deposit behavior during oxy-coal combustion. 相似文献
784.
A. Bischi Ø. Langørgen I. Saanum J. Bakken M. Seljeskog M. Bysveen J.-X. Morin O. Bolland 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011,5(3):467-474
Nowadays the lab scale feasibility of the chemical looping combustion technology has been proved. This article deals with many of the design requirements that need to be fulfilled to make this technology applicable at industrial scale. A design for a 150 kWth chemical looping combustion reactor system is proposed. In the base case it is supposed to work with gaseous fuels and inexpensive oxygen carriers derived from industrial by-products or natural minerals. More specifically the fuel will be methane and a manganese ore will be the basis for the oxygen carrier. It is a double loop circulating fluidized bed where both the air reactor and the fuel reactor are capable to work in the fast fluidization regime in order to increase the gas solids contact along the reactor body. High operational flexibility is aimed, in this way it will be possible to run with different fuels and oxygen carriers as well as different operating conditions such as variation in air excess. Compactness is a major goal in order to reduce the required solid material and possibly to enclose the reactor body into a pressurized vessel to investigate the chemical looping combustion under pressurized conditions. The mass and heat balance are described, as well as the hydrodynamic investigations performed. Most design solutions presented are taken from industrial standards as one main objective is to meet commercial requirements. 相似文献
785.
Integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques for landslide hazard zonation: a case study Wadi Watier area,South Sinai,Egypt 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mohamed O. Arnous 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(4):477-497
Natural hazard analysis involves mapping and identifying future hazardous zones through the analysis of the controls influencing
hazard initiation and occurrence. One of such natural hazard is the landslide. Landslides are amongst the most costly and
damaging natural hazards especially in mountain regions and are triggered mainly by seismic activity and/or rainfall. The
aim of the present study is to integrate Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to create thematic
layers for assessment and the estimation of landslide hazard zones in and surrounding the Wadi Watier area, South Sinai, Egypt.
Various factors, variables and/or parameters can be derived from thematic layers such as lithology, structural lineaments,
land-cover/land-use, terrain analysis and earthquakes. Intensity risk layers were created by using ERDAS Imagine 9.2, ARC
GIS 9.2 and ARC INFO 7.2.1 software. Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+7) Landsat satellite images were used to discriminate and
extract structural lineaments, lithology and land-use/land-cover variables for the study area. The Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) was generated from digitized topographic maps to produce terrain analysis maps such as; slope, aspect, height elevation,
and 3D. The weighting score rating system based on the relative importance of various causal factors derived from RS data
and other thematic layers was used for landslide hazard zonation (LHZ). Based on these data, a simple algorithm was created
to classify the area into different risk zones. By overlaying all hazard layers a final landslide hazard map was produced.
Using trial and error and statistical methods the weight score rating values have been readjusted. GIS integration with RS
data can greatly facilitate classifying landslide hazard zones into low risk, moderate risk and high risk by using a slicing
operation. Seismic data are integrated with final the LHZ to generate a LHZ scenario map for the future and to draw up an
action plan of mitigation measures to avoid the damage, loss of life and socio-economic impacts in the study area. 相似文献
786.
Adeleke A. Adeniyi Olumuyiwa O. Okedeyi Khafilat A. Yusuf 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,172(1-4):561-569
The detection and quantification of four phthalate esters??dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)??in water, sediment, and some fish species were carried out using flame ionization gas chromatography. The samples were collected from the Ogun river catchments, Ketu, Lagos. The DMP was not detected in the water and fish samples but was detected in sediments collected from four of the six sampling sites. The concentration of DEP, DBP, and DEHP in the fish species ranged from 320.0?C810.0, 380.0?C1,080.0, and 40.0?C150.0 ??g/kg in Tilapia sp.; 310.0?C860.0, 400.0?C1,170.0, and 40.0?C110.0 ??g/kg in Chrysichthys sp.; and 320.0?C810.0, 400.0?C3,970.0, and 30.0?C300.0 ??g/kg (DEHP) in Synodontis sp., respectively. The differences in fish phthalate levels are not statistically significant at p?<?0.05, an indication that phthalate esters accumulation is not fish species dependent. The DEP, DBP, and DEHP values recorded are considerably higher than the maximum allowed concentrations for drinking water prescribed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The phthalate pollution index and biosediment accumulation factor values were also calculated. 相似文献
787.
Studies have been carried out in a Goldmine in Ghana to determine the exposure of the public to naturally occurring radioactive materials from processing of gold ore. Direct gamma spectrometry and neutron activation analysis techniques were used to analyse soil, rock, water and dust samples from the mining environment. The mean activity concentrations measured for (238)U, (232)Th and (40)K in the soil/rock samples were 15.2, 26.9 and 157.1 Bq kg(?-?1), respectively. For the water samples, the mean activity concentrations were 0.54 and 0.41 Bq l(?-?1)) and 7.76 Bq l(?-?1) for (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K, respectively. The mean activity concentrations measured in the dust samples were 4.90 and 2.75 μBq m(?-?3) for (238)U and (232)Th, respectively. The total annual effective dose to the public was estimated to be 0.69 mSv. The results in this study compared well with typical world average values. The results indicate an insignificant exposure of the public from the activities of the Goldmine. 相似文献
788.
Omo O. Omo-Irabor Samuel B. Olobaniyi Joe Akunna Valentijn Venus Joseph M. Maina Charles Paradzayi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,178(1-4):39-51
Mangroves are known for their global environmental and socioeconomic value. Despite their importance, mangrove like other ecosystems is now being threatened by natural and human-induced processes that damage them at alarming rates, thereby diminishing the limited number of existing mangrove vegetation. The development of a spatial vulnerability assessment model that takes into consideration environmental and socioeconomic criteria, in spatial and non-spatial formats has been attempted in this study. According to the model, 11 different input parameters are required in modelling mangrove vulnerability. These parameters and their effects on mangrove vulnerability were selected and weighted by experts in the related fields. Criteria identification and selection were mainly based on effects of environmental and socioeconomic changes associated with mangrove survival. The results obtained revealed the dominance of socioeconomic criteria such as population pressure and deforestation, with high vulnerability index of 0.75. The environmental criteria was broadly dispersed in the study area and represents vulnerability indices ranging from 0.00?C0.75. This category reflects the greater influence of pollutant input from oil wells and pipelines and minimal contribution from climatic factors. This project has integrated spatial management framework for mangrove vulnerability assessment that utilises information technology in conjunction with expert knowledge and multi-criteria analysis to aid planners and policy/ decision makers in the protection of this very fragile ecosystem. 相似文献
789.
The officer of the deck (OOD) of a US Navy ship is in charge of the safe and proper operation of the ship, and accountable to the commanding officer for every event that occurs during his or her OOD watch. This paper discusses the development of a prototype behavioral marker system to evaluate, and provide feedback on, the nontechnical (cognitive, social, and personal resource) skills of OODs.An initial set of 17 categories of nontechnical skills were identified from a literature review. A focus group with four qualified OODs used the skills identified from the literature review to develop an initial taxonomy of five categories, each with two or three corresponding behavioral elements. This taxonomy was then used to classify 149 statements concerned with the nontechnical skills of OODs collected from 16 critical incident interviews. After three iterations of adaptations to the taxonomy, two independent raters were able to reach acceptable levels of reliability in using the taxonomy to classify the statements. Although further development work is required, it is suggested that the prototype behavioral marker system has implications for improving safety and performance on military and civilian ships. 相似文献
790.
Rubenstein LZ Vivrette R Harker JO Stevens JA Kramer BJ 《Journal of Safety Research》2011,42(6):493-499