单嘧磺隆正辛醇-水分配系数的测定

本文建立了水中微量单嘧磺隆的测定方法 ,方法的平均添加回收率为 97 6%—1 0 1 93%,变异系数为 0 47%— 3 96%,单嘧磺隆的最小检出量为 2× 1 0 - 9g ,最小检出浓度为 0 0 2 μg·ml- 1 .摇瓶法对单嘧磺隆正辛醇 水分配系数的测定结果表明 ,单嘧磺隆在二次蒸馏水和pH 7 0缓冲液中的Kow分别为 3 90± 0 1 4和 2 1 9± 0 1 4 ,lgKow分别为 0 5 9± 0 0 3和 0 34± 0 0 6,在双蒸水中的测定结果与EPIWIN程序的预测结果一致     

Phthalates removal efficiency in different wastewater treatment technology in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The removal capacity of different wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) technologies adopted in rural areas for phthalate was investigated in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Wastewater samples collected from three selected WWTPs which use activated sludge (AS), trickling filter (TF), and oxidation pond (OP) technology were extracted using the solid-phase extraction method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The six selected phthalate esters (PAEs) dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were detected in all the samples collected from the WWTPs. DBP was the most abundant compound in the influent, effluent, and sludge samples with a maximum detection of 2497 μgL^?1, 24.2 μgL^?1, and 1249 μg/g dW, respectively, followed by DEHP and BBP. There was a relatively high removal capacity achieved by AS in Alice, TF in Berlin, and OP in Bedford with a removal efficiency that varied between 77 and 99%, 76 and 98%, and 61 and 98%, respectively. A high significant correlation of PAE removal with total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity suggests that the removal performance proceeded more through adsorption on settling particles and sludge than on biodegradation. However, the concentrations of PAEs detected in the final effluent and sludge samples exceeded acceptable levels allowed internationally for a safe aquatic environment. AS may have exhibited a more stable and better performance across the different seasons; however, pollution source control still deserves a special attention to prevent the risk posed by these micropollutants.     

Survey of Levels of Phthalate Ester Plasticizers in a Sewage Lagoon Effluent and a Receiving Stream

In this study, samples from a sewage treatment lagoon and those from a receiving stream were analyzed for their phthalate esters content. Knowledge of the distribution of ubiquitous phthalate esters in the sewage lagoon and the receiving stream was necessary because of the reports of their subtle toxicity to aquatic biota and humans. Liquid–liquid extraction, Clean-up experiment and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were the methods employed for the quantitative determination of the Phthalates. A study of uncontaminated water was done to establish blank levels. The sewage lagoon and the receiving stream were grossly polluted as several phthalate ester plasticizers: DMP, DEP, DPhP, DBP, DEHP, DOP and DINP were found present at monthly mean levels of between 24.02 mg/L and 139.25 mg/L in the sewage treatment lagoon and 10.41 mg/L and 80.53 mg/L in the receiving stream. The results showed higher levels of phthalate esters in the sewage lagoon compared to the receiving stream. The sewage lagoon was identified as a pollution point source into the receiving stream. Levels of phthalates obtained from the receiving stream are much higher than the water criteria of 3 μg/L phthalates recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for the protection of fish and other aquatic life in water and the Suggested No-Adverse Effect Levels (SNAEL) of 7.5–38.5 μg/L for drinking water. This should give cause for great environmental concern. Peoples’ health downstream is at stake and so is the ‘health’ of the ecosystem.     

旋流折板厌氧反应器处理城市污水试验研究

为了探讨高效低耗的城市污水处理技术,对厌氧反应器处理城市污水进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:设有回流装置的异波折板穿孔旋流厌氧反应器对COD的去除率高于不设回流装置的异波折板跳跃式厌氧反应器10%以上;通过使出水回流到第5室,回流比为100%时,COD平均去除率为52%;通过调节第3、7室的pH值,可以抑制反应器内有机酸的积累,使出水COD的去除率可达70%。     

Seasonal and spatio-temporal distribution of faecal-indicator bacteria in Tyume River in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

We assessed the incidence of faecal-indicator bacteria in Tyume River over a 12-month period between August 2010 and July 2011. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and enterococci were determined by the membrane filtration method. Total coliforms were detected in counts ranging from 2.1?×?10² to 3.4?×?10⁴?CFU/100 ml. Faecal coliform counts ranged from 1?×?10² to 1.6?×?10⁴?CFU/100 ml while enterococci counts were in the range of 3.3?×?10¹ to 5.1?×?10³?CFU/100 ml. Indicator bacteria counts increased from upstream to downstream sampling sites. Counts of indicator bacteria at all sites were significantly affected by seasonal changes. The bacteriological qualities of the river water were poor, exceeding the guideline of 200 CFU/100 ml and 33 CFU/100 ml for faecal coliforms and enterococci, respectively, for recreational water. Faecal coliform counts also exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100 ml guideline for water used in fresh produce irrigation. Microbial source tracking results showed that faecal pollution was predominantly of human origin during spring at all sampling sites. During other seasons, human faecal pollution was largely confined to midstream and downstream sampling sites. Generally, the presence of faecal-indicator bacteria in the river water samples suggests faecal pollution of this freshwater resource, raising the possibility of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the water and a threat to public health.     

Variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the Buffalo River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

The physicochemical characteristics of the Buffalo River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa were evaluated using standard methods. The assessment was carried out with total of 72 water samples collected from six sites over a 12-month period, from August 2010 to July 2011. Water temperature ranged from 11 to 28 °C, while pH varied from 6.6 to 10.7 and turbidity from 1.7 to 133 NTU. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity showed drastic variations (42.3–46,693 μS/cm, 20.3–23,350 mg/l and 0.02–33.8 PSU, respectively) and the significantly (P?<?0.05) higher mean values of these parameters recorded at Parkside reflect the influence of seawater at the Buffalo River estuary. The concentrations of other parameters ranged as follows: chloride (3.7–168 mg/l), DO (6.9–11.1), BOD (0.6–9.4), COD (3.7–45.9), nitrite–nitrogen (0.02–0.21), nitrate–nitrogen (1–4.47) and orthophosphate (0.01–1.72). There was a significant positive correlation between water temperature and DO (r?=?0.200; P?<?0.01). Significant (P?<?0.01) positive correlations also existed between TDS and salinity (r?=?0.921), COD and each of salinity (r?=?0.398), TDS (r?=?0.375) and chloride (r?=?0.330), nitrate and phosphate (r?=?0.323) and BOD and turbidity (r?=?0.290). Significant (p?<?0.01) inverse relationships existed between DO and each of phosphate (r?=??0.295) and nitrate (r?=??0.168). We conclude that the Buffalo River water quality deteriorated in the plains, compared with the upper reaches. Urgent measures are needed to safeguard the river in view of the potential health concerns as many households rely solely on the untreated river water.     

鸽粪饲喂生长猪效果试验

在饲料中添加8%、12%、15%的鸽粪对生长猪进行了为期1个月的对比试验,结果表明,与对照组相比较,生长速度分别降低1.37%、2.74%、10.96%;料重比分别减少5.14%、9.5%、3.94%;每头猪盈利提高9.96%、12.58%、-10.29%,这说明在生长猪饲料中添加8-12%的鸽粪,可获得理想的经济效益。     

人工控制条件下水流速对香溪河库湾浮游植物影响的初步研究

为了揭示三峡水库不同藻类对水流速度的响应,2008年8月,利用香溪河库湾原水进行了人工控制条件下水流速度对浮游植物生长和群落组成影响的研究。结果表明,在水温、光照及营养盐相同的条件下,水流条件对藻类的细胞密度和组成会产生显著的影响。单因素方差分析的S N K多重比较结果表明,在实验设定的流速范围内针杆藻(Synedra sp.)在高流速(0139 m/s)下的细胞密度显著高于其他流速组(p<005),相对密度最高;盘星藻(Pediastrumspp.)在中流速(0075 m/s)下的细胞密度显著高于其他各处理组(p<005);微囊藻(Microcystisspp.)各实验组间细胞密度无显著差异（p>005）,但在低流速（0046 m/s）下的细胞密度和相对密度均高于其他各组;小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)细胞密度在水流动组间无显著差异（p>005）,但都显著高于0 m/s实验组的细胞密度（p<005     

湘中丘陵区不同经营目标毛竹林年龄结构、生物量分配与碳贮量格局

经营模式对毛竹林生物量、碳贮量具有重要影响。研究了湘中丘陵区毛竹笋用林(Ⅰ)、笋材兼用林 (Ⅱ)和材用林(Ⅲ) 3种不同经营目标下的竹林年龄结构、生物量分配及碳贮量格局。结果表明：应减少1～2 a、增加5～6 a生竹的留养比例,控制达到1～2 a、3～4 a、5～6 a各占1/3左右的立竹年龄结构。不同层次生物量表现为乔木层＞凋落物层＞林下植被层,毛竹笋用林经营有利于增加乔木层生物量。乔木层生物量及所占比例分别为5183～5566 t/hm2、8895%～9293%,林下植被层生物量及所占比例分别为154～258 t/hm2、258%～443%,凋落物层生物量及所占比例分别为269～386 t/hm2、449%～662%。毛竹林总碳贮量排队顺序为Ⅱ（14263 t/hm2）＞Ⅰ（13389 t/hm2）＞Ⅲ（13004 t/hm2）,笋材兼用林有利于提高竹林碳贮能力。不同层次碳贮量排列顺序总体均表现为土壤层＞乔木层＞凋落物层＞林下植被层。湘中丘陵区毛竹林生物量、碳贮量较低,应提高集约经营水平     

利益相关方视角下的废旧织物回收再利用体系的优化——以上海为例

由于居民生活水平的提升及收入的增加,废旧织物已由资源转变为垃圾.这一方面造成废旧织物的再生利用价值的浪费,一方面也使得生活垃圾处置成本居高不下.以“上海2011年百万家庭低碳行、垃圾分类我先行”实践为例,对其中废旧织物的回收再利用现状进行梳理,建立博弈模型,运用逆推归纳法对涉及的利益相关方策略选择进行了分析,指出当前影响废旧织物回收再利用的瓶颈,提出分类基础上的垃圾收费制度和再生利用企业与物业保洁员的横向联盟,将有助于推进废旧织物产业化发展.