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81.
Olga Bridges 《The Environmentalist》1992,12(4):255-260
Summary A comparison is made of major issues relating to drinking water and river water quality in the UK and the CIS (USSR). Historical and legislative aspects are briefly reviewed. In both countries there is an imbalance between the location of fresh water sources and the distribution of the population. In each country standards are used to define water quality. These standards tend to be more exacting in the CIS. In the UK derogations are used to produce a more relaxed standard. Failure to comply with drinking water standards is common in the CIS (on average 20 percent of samples). In the UK, data are recorded on a different basis, but it appears that deviations from nitrate and pesticide standards are common. In both countries' water supplies, pollution appears to be extensive with few overall signs of significant improvement. This is attributable partly to lack of effective enforcement and weak penalties for transgressors. There is a high level of public concern regarding water quality and health in both the CIS and the UK. As a consequence there are increasing signs in each country of a national determination to implement the legislation more effectively. Needs for further actions are identified.Dr Olga Bridges was born and educated in Russia. Since coming to the UK she has held posts on Soviet Studies in various universities. Dr Bridges' early research was in attitudes to languages and nationality, but more recently it has centred on attitudes to environmental issues. To further her knowledge of scientific aspects of environmental problems, Dr Bridges is currently taking the Advanced Diploma in Environmental Practice at Farnborough College of Technology, UK. 相似文献
82.
Facial and vocal expressions of emotion have been found in a number of social mammal species and are thought to have evolved
to aid social communication. There has been much debate about whether such signals are culturally inherited or are truly biologically
innate. Evidence for the innateness of such signals can come from cross-cultural studies. Previous studies have identified
a vocalisation (the V4 or ‘excitement’ call) associated with high arousal behaviours in a population of killer whales in British
Columbia, Canada. In this study, we compared recordings from three different socially and reproductively isolated ecotypes
of killer whales, including five vocal clans of one ecotype, each clan having discrete culturally transmitted vocal traditions.
The V4 call was found in recordings of each ecotype and each vocal clan. Nine independent observers reproduced our classification
of the V4 call from each population with high inter-observer agreement. Our results suggest the V4 call may be universal in
Pacific killer whale populations and that transmission of this call is independent of cultural tradition or ecotype. We argue
that such universality is more consistent with an innate vocalisation than one acquired through social learning and may be
linked to its apparent function of motivational expression. 相似文献
83.
Dimitrios Vassiliadis Kostas Kourtidis Olga Poulida 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1998,5(1):7-11
State space models for tropospheric urban ozone prediction are introduced and compared with linear regression models. The
linear and non-linear state space models make accurate short-term predictions of the ozone dynamics. The average prediction
error one hour in advance is 7 μg/m3 and increases logarithmically with time until it reaches 26 μg/m3 after 30 days. For a given sequence of solar radiation inputs, predictions converge exponentially with a time scale of 8
hours, so that the model is insensitive to perturbations of more than 150 μg/m3 O3. The slow increase of the prediction error in addition to the uniqueness of the prediction are encouraging for applications
of state space models in forecasting ozone levels when coupled with a model that predicts total radiation. Since a radiation
prediction model will be more accurate during cloud-free conditions, in addition to the fact that the state space models perform
better during the summer months, state space models are suitable for applications in sunny environments. 相似文献
84.
Kalugina Olga Vladimirovna Shergina Olga Vladimirovna Mikhailova Tatiana Alekseevna 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(18):22400-22413
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Forest surveys were conducted in 2015–2018 on 12 sample plots (SPs), located in different districts of the city of Bratsk, a large industrial... 相似文献
85.
Renata Cristina Ferreira Bonomo Taline Amorim Santos Leandro Soares Santos Rafael da Costa Ilhéu Fontan Luciano Brito Rodrigues Ana Clarissa dos Santos Pires Cristiane Martins Veloso Olga Reinert Ramos Gandolfi Paulo Bonomo 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(2):508-517
Jackfruit starch based biodegradable films containing lysozyme were characterized for their antimicrobial activity, thickness, solubility, water vapor permeability and mechanical properties. The biodegradable films had good appearance and antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The thickness of the biodegradable films were not affected by the variation in pH, but the addition of lysozyme increased the thickness, the thickest films being those with the highest lysozyme concentrations. The variation in pH of the filmogenic solutions affected the solubility of the biodegradable films, water solubility being greatest at pH 7.0 and with the highest lysozyme concentration. The permeability of the biodegradable films was increased by incorporating lysozyme. The lysozyme concentration and pH variation caused changes in the mechanical properties. The addition of 8% lysozyme increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus for all the pH values studied. With respect to the release of antimicrobial activity, the diffusion of lysozyme was shown to follow Fickian transport mechanism. 相似文献
86.
Mikhailuta SV Taseiko OV Pitt A Lezhenin AA Zakharov YV 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,149(1-4):329-341
This paper examines the significant differences in seasonal variations of criteria pollutant concentrations in various parts of a large urban area. These differences are caused by the microclimatic heterogeneity of the city and show the influence of breeze and orographic-type circulations on urban air pollution. The temperature heterogeneity of Krasnoyarsk territory during the winter leads to an increase of 150% in CO air pollution levels in the central part of city. During the summer the orographical heterogeneity of Krasnoyarsk City leads to increases of up to 400% in air pollution for different areas. 相似文献
87.
The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impacts of a middle-sized Finnish urban area on the quality of sediments in an adjacent boreal lake. We investigated the sources and distribution of organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) in the sediments from urban stormwater traps and from Lake Vesijärvi. Grab surface sediment samples were taken from Lake Vesijärvi at various distances (25–2,000 m) from four major stormwater drainage outlets and at 15 urban stormwater traps in areas with different degrees of urbanization. These samples were analysed for 16 PAHs and 28 PCBs with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The concentrations of pollutants in the lake sediments were elevated in the vicinity of the urban shore (∑PAH 3–16, ∑PCB up to 0.02–0.3 mg/kg dw) and decreased as a function of distance (∑PAH 0.1–2.5, ∑PCB 0.01–0.3 mg/kg dw at a distance of more than 500 m from the shore), whereas contamination levels in suburban areas were notably lower (∑PAH 0.1–3, ∑PCB?<?LOQ–0.03 mg/kg dw; did not decline with distance). Possible sources and pathways of contamination were also investigated. The majority of stormwater trap sediments contained predominantly asphalt-derived PAHs due to pulverized pavement. PAHs in lake sediments were of pyrogenic origin, including the combustion of gasoline, diesel and coal. Suggested pathways of lake contamination are urban runoff discharge, boat traffic and atmospheric deposition. 相似文献
88.
Eva Landová Jana Marešová Olga Šimková Veronika Cikánová Daniel Frynta 《Journal of environmental psychology》2012,32(1):69-77
Animals are ancestrally important stimuli for us and thus, we pay disproportional attention to them over other objects. Some of them, like snakes, attract attention as well as elicit fear reactions. We assessed human aesthetic preferences and fear reaction aroused by 20 forms of king snakes, represented by live snakes and their photographs. There was no correlation between the beauty and fear response exuded by live snakes, which indicates that these are two independent processes. Evaluation of live snakes tightly correlated with the results obtained from photographs in both beauty and fear tasks. Respondents evaluated aposematic (black-and-white/yellow-red striped) and purely black species as the most fear-evoking, which is discussed in an evolutionary framework. Interestingly, irrespective of the actual task, i.e. evaluation of beauty or fear, respondents categorized the species within similar clusters (cognitive categories). 相似文献
89.
Robert Paine Olga Samani Mary Kaplan Eladio Knipping Naresh Kumar 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1341-1353
The performance of the AERMOD air dispersion model under low wind speed conditions, especially for applications with only one level of meteorological data and no direct turbulence measurements or vertical temperature gradient observations, is the focus of this study. The analysis documented in this paper addresses evaluations for low wind conditions involving tall stack releases for which multiple years of concurrent emissions, meteorological data, and monitoring data are available. AERMOD was tested on two field-study databases involving several SO2 monitors and hourly emissions data that had sub-hourly meteorological data (e.g., 10-min averages) available using several technical options: default mode, with various low wind speed beta options, and using the available sub-hourly meteorological data. These field study databases included (1) Mercer County, a North Dakota database featuring five SO2 monitors within 10 km of the Dakota Gasification Company’s plant and the Antelope Valley Station power plant in an area of both flat and elevated terrain, and (2) a flat-terrain setting database with four SO2 monitors within 6 km of the Gibson Generating Station in southwest Indiana. Both sites featured regionally representative 10-m meteorological databases, with no significant terrain obstacles between the meteorological site and the emission sources. The low wind beta options show improvement in model performance helping to reduce some of the overprediction biases currently present in AERMOD when run with regulatory default options. The overall findings with the low wind speed testing on these tall stack field-study databases indicate that AERMOD low wind speed options have a minor effect for flat terrain locations, but can have a significant effect for elevated terrain locations. The performance of AERMOD using low wind speed options leads to improved consistency of meteorological conditions associated with the highest observed and predicted concentration events. The available sub-hourly modeling results using the Sub-Hourly AERMOD Run Procedure (SHARP) are relatively unbiased and show that this alternative approach should be seriously considered to address situations dominated by low-wind meander conditions.Implications: AERMOD was evaluated with two tall stack databases (in North Dakota and Indiana) in areas of both flat and elevated terrain. AERMOD cases included the regulatory default mode, low wind speed beta options, and use of the Sub-Hourly AERMOD Run Procedure (SHARP). The low wind beta options show improvement in model performance (especially in higher terrain areas), helping to reduce some of the overprediction biases currently present in regulatory default AERMOD. The SHARP results are relatively unbiased and show that this approach should be seriously considered to address situations dominated by low-wind meander conditions. 相似文献
90.
James J. Schwab Olga Hogrefe Kenneth L. Demerjian Jeffrey L. Ambs 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1254-1263
Abstract Laboratory tests with generated aerosols were conducted to test the efficacy of two recent design modifications to the well-established tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) continuous particulate matter (PM) mass monitor. The two systems tested were the sample equilibration system-equipped TEOM monitor operating at 30 °C, which uses a Nafion dryer as part of the sample inlet, and the differential TEOM monitor, which adds a switched electrostatic precipitator and uses a self-referencing algorithm to determine “true PM mass.” Test aerosols included ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium chloride, copper (II) sulfate, and mixed aerosols. Aerosols were generated with an atomizer or a vibrating orifice generator and were equilibrated in a 450-L slow flow chamber before being sampled. Relative humidity in the chamber was varied between 10 and 90%, and step changes in humidity were executed while generating aerosol to test the response of the instruments. The sample equilibration system-equipped TEOM monitor does reduce, but not totally eliminate, the sensitivity of the TEOM mass monitor to changes in humidity. The differential TEOM monitor gives every indication of being a very robust technique for the continuous real-time measurement of ambient aerosol mass, even in the presence of semi-volatile particles and condensable gases. 相似文献