矿山边坡绿化基质的优化配比

矿山边坡生态恢复和重建是矿区生态环境建设的有效途径,而绿化基质是矿山边坡生态恢复和重建的重要因素。基于正交实验和盆栽实验,以土壤、活性污泥、炉渣、粉煤灰、保水剂、尿素和秸秆等物质为基质原料,研究绿化基质的理化性质及出苗率特征。研究结果表明：与对照黄土相比,绿化基质pH相对较低,仍属于碱性土壤,而电导率、有机质和铵态氮相对较高,表明盐分和养分含量较高;污泥的配比含量是影响绿化基质入渗、蒸发、pH、电导率、有机质和出苗率等指标的关键因素;各因素对出苗率的影响强度从大到小依次为：污泥和粉煤灰、秸秆、土壤和炉渣、尿素、保水剂;基质的最优配比为：保水剂（11~15 g）、污泥和粉煤灰（150：600）、土壤和炉渣（375：375~600：150）、尿素（0 g）、秸秆（30 g）。     

蒸发塔技术用于脱硫废水的处理

脱硫废水水质复杂、含有重金属,处理难度很大,为此开发了一种新型的脱硫废水处理技术——蒸发塔技术,可以实现脱硫废水的零排放。在实验室搭建了小型蒸发塔实验台,对脱硫废水的蒸发特性、热量衡算进行了研究。研究表明：导流板角度一定的情况下,脱硫废水主蒸发区在塔体中心位置,随着脱硫废水处理量的增加,主蒸发区域向塔壁和塔体下部偏移;导流板角度减小,高温区下移;雾矩受给液量和雾化器转速的双重影响,给液量越大,雾矩越大,转速越大,雾矩越小;塔径一定的条件下,适当调节进风量和导流板角度可增加脱硫废水的处理量;模拟计算表明,蒸发系统抽取热烟气量较少,不会对电厂热系统产生明显影响。     

Effects of thiobencarb herbicide to an alga (Nannochloris oculata) and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna)

Chronic toxicity studies were conducted with an algae (Nannochloris oculata) and the cladoceran (Daphnia magna) to determine their relative sensitivities to the thiocarbamate herbicide thiobencarb (S-4-chlorobenzyl diethylthiocarbamate). Most of the algal populations were initially affected by exposure to the herbicide. Thiobencarb concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/L significantly reduced algal densities after 24-h exposure. The 24-h static EC50 in D. magna was 3.01 mg/L. The sublethal effects of 0.3, 0.37, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/L of thiobencarb concentrations on the survival, reproduction, and growth of D. magna were monitored for 21 days. The parameters used to determined the effect of the herbicide on D. magna were mean total young per female; mean brood size; days to first brood; intrinsic rate of natural increase (r); growth; and survival. Reproduction was significantly reduced at thiobencarb concentrations of 0.30 mg/L and higher while survival was affected after exposure to 0.75 and 1.5 mg/L of the pesticide. The r value decreased with increasing concentrations of thiobencarb. Growth, as measured by body length, was depressed significantly after exposure to all herbicide concentrations tested.     

Adsorption of methabenzthiazuron on six allophanic and nonallophanic soils: effect of organic matter amendment

This article reports on methabenzthiazuron [1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea] (MBT) adsorption process on six agricultural allophanic and nonallophanic soils. The effect of amendment with exogenous organic matter was also studied. Adsorption kinetic fits an hyperbolic model. MBT adsorption reached an apparent equilibrium within 2 h and followed a second-order reaction. The maximum adsorbed amounts for natural soils ranged from 32 to 145 microg g(-1). Rate constants were considered relatively low (0.27-1.5 x 10(-4) [microg g(-1)](1-n) s-1); the slow process was attributed to a combined effect of difussion and adsorption. MBT adsorption fits the Freundlich model with r values > or =0.998 at P < or = 0.001 significance levels. Kf and Freundlich exponents (l/n) ranged from 5.3 to 82.1 cm3 g(-1) and from 0.66 to 0.73, respectively. Kf values for soils with a low organic matter content were lower than that obtained from the only typical allophanic soil derived from volcanic ash under study. Lineal regression analysis between Kf and organic matter content of nonallophanic soils gave a correlation coefficient of 0.980 (P = 0.02). Dispersion of Kd values together with close values of K(OM) indicate that organic matter (OM) was the principal component responsible for MBT adsorption in unamended soils. Addition of peat decreased soil pH and increased adsorption capacity for allophanic and nonallophanic soils. Kinetic experiments showed enhancements of Xmax values and lower rate constants.     

基于MAX-DOAS的乌鲁木齐市NO2时空变化

为研究乌鲁木齐市NO2污染状况,了解其时空分布特征及其影响因素,基于多轴差分吸收光谱技术（MAX-DOAS）,利用2014年4月—2015年12月3个监测点和多次车载移动观测的数据,反演了乌鲁木齐对流层NO2垂直柱浓度（VCD）,并且结合气象和地形等因素进行了分析。结果表明：NO2 VCD由高到低的季节依次是冬季、春季、秋季和夏季,均值为10.84、7.78、5.98和3.56×1015 molec·cm-2;由高到低的监测站依次是城区站、工业区站和郊区站,年均值为9.52、8.44和5.58×1015 molec·cm-2;日变化上春冬两季呈U型,夏秋两季呈双峰型;NO2空间分布由南到北呈明显的"两头低中间高",高值通常出现在市区高架桥附近;乌鲁木齐NO2 VCD与气象因子温度、风速、相对湿度、日照时数都有较好的相关性;乌鲁木齐夏季盛行西北风,顺势于地形利于市区污染物传输出去,冬季盛行东北风,而东面有博格达山阻挡致使风速较低,污染物滞留堆积浓度高。     

前置反硝化生物滤池深度脱氮效能与影响因素

前置反硝化生物滤池具有良好的脱氮性能,被广泛用于污水的深度处理。采用该工艺对城市污水处理厂尾水进行深度处理,通过调节硝化液回流比（50%、100%、150%）和水力负荷（1.0、1.5和2.0 m3·（m2·h）-1）,考察前置反硝化生物滤池工艺对COD、TN、NH4+-N的去除效果。结果表明,当硝化液回流比为100%时,系统对污染物去除效果最好。在进水COD、TN、NH4+-N平均浓度为120、35和15 mg·L-1的水质条件下,出水COD、TN、NH4+-N平均浓度可降到7.62、5.02和0.60 mg·L-1,去除率分别为93.65%、85.65%和96.00%。在水力负荷为1.5 m3·（m2·h）-1条件下,系统对COD、TN和NH4+-N的平均去除率达到了83.00%、90.14%和95.73%,出水可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级A标准。     

生物炭基固定化菌剂对石油类污染物的高效降解

以生物炭为载体,采用吸附法制备固定化菌剂,通过分析不同材料生物炭的结构差异,探讨了不同生物炭的结构在固定化中的影响机制。SEM和EDS分析表明,降解菌主要固定在生物炭表面。生物炭内含有C、N和P成分,能为降解菌提供营养物质。生物炭的多孔结构能促进石油污染物的降解。结果表明,经玉米芯和秸秆生物炭固定化后F-3、R-7及其混合菌的除油率显著提高,分别为41.7%和29.5%、52.5%和42.8%、63.8%和53.2%。玉米芯生物炭固定化菌剂的除油率比秸秆生物炭固定化菌剂高10.6%。玉米芯生物炭表面比秸秆生物炭粗糙,其固定的微生物量为4.2×1010 cfu·g-1,固定效率达71.2%;秸秆生物炭固定的微生物量为2.5×1010 cfu·g-1,固定效率为57.6%。固定化菌剂的最佳制备条件为：选择500℃下热解3 h的玉米芯生物炭为载体,微生物接种量为10%,载体投加量为10 g·L-1,置于35℃、130 r·min-1摇床中固定18 h。     

饮用水中典型致嗅物质吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱检测方法及优化

采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法对饮用水中致嗅物质2-甲基异茨醇（2-MIB）和土臭素（GSM）进行测定。通过调整吹扫温度、吹扫时间、吹扫时捕集阱的温度、六通阀温度和传输管线温度,分析吹扫捕集条件对吹扫捕集效率的影响,并确定最佳吹扫捕集条件。2-MIB和GSM的方法检出限（MDL）分别为0.729 ng·L-1和1.037 ng·L-1,方法定量限（MQL）分别为2.187 ng·L-1和3.112 ng·L-1,平均加标回收率分别在92%~108%和88%~104%范围内,相对标准偏差分别小于6.5%和9.0%.在20~300 ng·L-1的范围内,各异嗅化合物浓度与响应值的线性关系均良好,相关系数均大于0.999。该方法具有操作简便、检出限低,相关性良好、灵敏度高、重复性好等优点。     

Fe0-C微电解去除地下水中2,4-DNT的影响因素

采用批实验研究初始pH值、溶解氧（DO）和地下水中常见的阴、阳离子等因素对Fe0-C微电解对地下水中2,4-二硝基甲苯（2,4-DNT）去除率的影响,并分析Fe0-C降解2,4-DNT的产物。结果表明,在pH=7,DO=0.23 mg·L-1的条件下,Fe0-C去除溶液中2,4-DNT有明显的效果,反应200 min时,去除率达到83.09%,比Fe0和C的去除率提高了74.56%和9.89%;酸性条件下有利于2,4-DNT去除,初始pH=5的条件下,溶液中2,4-DNT的去除率为82%,而初始pH=10时,2,4-DNT的去除率分别为64%;反应体系中含有较高浓度的溶解氧有利于2,4-DNT的去除,在DO=9.26 mg·L-1条件下,2,4-DNT的去除率比 DO=0.23 mg·L-1时提高了9.5%;地下水中一定浓度的阴（Cl-、SO2-4）、阳离子（Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+）可以提高2,4-DNT的去除率,提高率小于10%。反应过程中2,4-DNT降解的产物包括2-氨基-4-硝基甲苯（2A4 NT）、4-氨基-2-硝基甲苯（4A2 NT）和2,4-二氨基甲苯（2,4-DAT）。     

Application of the Microtox test and pollution indices to the study of water toxicity in the Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain)

The toxic effects of waters collected from irrigation channels in a Mediterranean wetland (Albufera Natural Park, Valencia, Spain) were tested with the Microtox assay and compared with six pollution indices (PIs) defined from analytical parameters. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, heavy metals and pesticides were measured. The bioassay result (concentrations of the water sample (% V/V) that reduced light emission to 10%, 20% and 50%, EC10, EC20 and EC50, respectively (ECs)) was compared with the PIs. This comparison has demonstrated a general agreement between ECs and PIs, except in the case of irrigation channels affected by herbicides used in rice farming (molinate and thiobencarb). No pronounced inhibition was detected in the bioluminescence in relation to the eutrophic parameters in the irrigation waters for EC50 values, indicating that this parameter does not suffice to detect eutrophic waters. Data derived from irrigation water pollution and bioassay were assembled by multivariate statistical techniques (principal component analysis). These components were associated with various contamination sources.