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41.
42.
Serum concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other fluorochemicals in an elderly population from Seattle, Washington 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Olsen GW Church TR Larson EB van Belle G Lundberg JK Hansen KJ Burris JM Mandel JH Zobel LR 《Chemosphere》2004,54(11):1599-1611
Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF, C8F17SO2F) related-materials have been used as surfactants, paper and packaging treatments, and surface (e.g., carpet, textile, upholstery) protectants. A metabolite, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS, C8F17SO3−), has been identified in the serum and liver of non-occupationally exposed humans and wildlife. Because of its persistence, an important question was whether elderly humans might have higher PFOS concentrations. From a prospective study designed to examine cognitive function in the Seattle (WA) metropolitan area, blood samples were collected from 238 dementia-free subjects (ages 65–96). High-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry determined seven fluorochemicals: PFOS; N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate; N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate; perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetate; perfluorooctanesulfonamide; perfluorooctanoate; and perfluorohexanesulfonate. Serum PFOS concentrations ranged from less than the lower limit of quantitation (3.4 ppb) to 175.0 ppb (geometric mean 31.0 ppb; 95% CI 28.8–33.4). An estimate of the 95% tolerance limit was 84.1 ppb (upper 95% confidence limit 104.0 ppb). Serum PFOS concentrations were slightly lower among the most elderly. There were no significant differences by sex or years residence in Seattle. The distributions of the other fluorochemicals were approximately an order of magnitude lower. Similar to other reported findings of younger adults, the geometric mean serum PFOS concentration in non-occupational adult populations likely approximates 30–40 ppb with 95% of the population’s serum PFOS concentrations below 100 ppb. 相似文献
43.
Watershed-Based Survey Designs 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Detenbeck NE Cincotta D Denver JM Greenlee SK Olsen AR Pitchford AM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,103(1-3):59-81
Watershed-based sampling design and assessment tools help serve the multiple goals for water quality monitoring required under
the Clean Water Act, including assessment of regional conditions to meet Section 305(b), identification of impaired water
bodies or watersheds to meet Section 303(d), and development of empirical relationships between causes or sources of impairment
and biological responses. Creation of GIS databases for hydrography, hydrologically corrected digital elevation models, and
hydrologic derivatives such as watershed boundaries and upstream–downstream topology of subcatchments would provide a consistent
seamless nationwide framework for these designs. The elements of a watershed-based sample framework can be represented either
as a continuous infinite set defined by points along a linear stream network, or as a discrete set of watershed polygons.
Watershed-based designs can be developed with existing probabilistic survey methods, including the use of unequal probability
weighting, stratification, and two-stage frames for sampling. Case studies for monitoring of Atlantic Coastal Plain streams,
West Virginia wadeable streams, and coastal Oregon streams illustrate three different approaches for selecting sites for watershed-based
survey designs. 相似文献
44.
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate temporal changes in heavy metal content of lower Columbia River sediment
following terminated or reduced soluble heavy metal loading from the world's largest lead-zinc refinery and mining districts
in the USA and Canada. Sediment cores were collected from two fine sediment depositional sites (∼600 km downstream) in August
1999 and were analyzed for total metal content, texture, and age/dating parameters. Zinc, cadmium and lead contents in 1999
declined by only a factor of two over their depth profile maxima (dated as between 1970 and 1980). In sharp contrast, more
than a 10-fold decrease in dissolved metal loading occurred during this same period. Zinc in filtered Columbia River water
at downstream locations also declined by > 10-fold, consistent with the reduced upper river solute-metal loading. Once soluble
metal releases are reduced or terminated, the solute half-time in Columbia River water is months versus ∼20 yr for adsorbed
metals on surficial (or resuspended) bed sediments. The much slower rate of decline for sediment, as compared to the solute
phase, is attributed to resuspension, transport and redeposition of irreversibly bound metals from upstream sedimentary deposits.
This implies downstream exposure of benthic or particle-ingesting biota can continue for years following source remediation
and/or termination of soluble metal releases. Accordingly, contaminant contents of both particulate and solute phases of river
water, as well as sediment core sections, are suggested for assessing long-term biotic exposure/response to mitigation activities
in the Columbia River and similar fluvial ecosystems. 相似文献
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Accidents produce external pressures on companies leading to new regulations and renegotiation of enforcement of regulations. Our perspective is institutional with a focus on the extended dialogue among regulators and the industry. The empirical focus is offshore oil and gas production, deep sea and coastal fisheries, and maritime transportation with a segment of older bulk carriers. The findings are that structural characteristics of both the industries and the regulatory regime determine the interactions between the regulated and the regulator. The paper illustrates that in industrial sectors where hazards and risks are visible and of public interest, it is easier to implement regulations through outside pressure from regulators and other stakeholders such as internationally organised unions. 相似文献
48.
Despite a substantial resource pulse, numerous avian insectivores known to depredate periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) are detected less commonly during emergence years than in either the previous or following years. We used data on periodical cicada calls collected by volunteers conducting North American Breeding Bird Surveys within the range of cicada Brood X to test three hypotheses for this observation: lower detection rates could be caused by bird calls being obscured by cicada calls ("detectability" hypothesis), by birds avoiding areas with cicadas ("repel" hypothesis), or because bird abundances are generally lower during emergence years for some reason unrelated to the current emergence event ("true decline" hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses by comparing bird detections at stations coincident with calling cicadas vs. those without calling cicadas in the year prior to and during cicada emergences. At four distinct levels (stop, route, range, and season), parallel declines of birds in groups exposed and not exposed to cicada calls supported the true decline hypothesis. We discuss several potential mechanisms for this pattern, including the possibility that it is a consequence of the ecological and evolutionary interactions between predators of this extraordinary group of insects. 相似文献
49.
A marine spatial planning (MSP) initiative—if to be successful—has to be rooted in a thorough understanding of the tradition
and structures of the governance system in the area targeted for the initiative. After decades of a mainly sectoral approach
towards maritime affairs, governments began to recognised the need for a governance framework that applies a more integrated
approach to maritime policy. The new Integrated Maritime Policy of the European Union is only one example for such a changed
way of policy and decision making. The assembly of a governance baseline can help to identify the crucial hindering and success
factors for the implementation of MSP. A governance baseline has two parts. Part One focuses upon the past and current performance
of the governance system as it has responded—or failed to respond—to changes in the condition of ecosystems in a specific
locale. Part Two of a baseline outlines a strategic approach to the design of a new program and records the goals, objectives
and strategies of MSP implementation. Focus on both governance processes and their outcomes is essential and forms the core
justification for documenting governance responses to ecosystem change. 相似文献
50.
Christine S. Olsen Danielle K. Mazzotta Eric Toman A. Paige Fischer 《Environmental management》2014,54(3):571-582
Wildland fire and associated management efforts are dominant topics in natural resource fields. Smoke from fires can be a nuisance and pose serious health risks and aggravate pre-existing health conditions. When it results in reduced visibility near roadways, smoke can also pose hazardous driving conditions and reduce the scenic value of vistas. Communicating about smoke, whether in the preparation phases before a planned burn or during a wildfire event, can enable those at risk to make informed decisions to minimize their exposure to smoke or choose alternate activities that mitigate smoke completely. To date, very little research has been completed on the social aspects of smoke, such as communication or public perceptions. Here, we present findings from an exploratory study that examined challenges and opportunities related to communication (within agencies or to the public) for management of smoke from wildland fires. Interviews were conducted in California, Oregon, Montana, and South Carolina among a purposive sample of individuals, who are involved in fire or smoke management. Findings indicate that smoke poses several challenges to management agencies. Findings also provide insight into potential strategies to address such challenges by improving communication in both inter- and intra-agency situations as well as with members of the public. In particular, prioritizing fire and smoke-related communication within agencies, allocating agency resources specifically for training in communication and outreach endeavors, taking advantage of existing resources including informal social networks among the public, and building long-term relationships both between agencies and with the public were viewed as effective. 相似文献