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排序方式: 共有438条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Rybová Kristýna Slavík Jan Burcin Boris Soukopová Jana Kučera Tomáš Černíková Alena 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(3):1884-1891
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Increasing pressure of the European Union on diverting municipal waste from landfills requires an active role of households and commands a radical... 相似文献
52.
Péter Török 《Conservation biology》2018,32(1):249-250
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Tin Klanjscek Roger M Nisbet Hal Caswell Michael G Neubert 《Ecological applications》2007,17(8):2233-2250
We present a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model for marine mammals, coupled with a pharmacokinetic model of a lipophilic persistent toxicant. Inputs to the model are energy availability and lipid-normalized toxicant concentration in the environment. The model predicts individual growth, reproduction, bioaccumulation, and transfer of energy and toxicant from mothers to their young. We estimated all model parameters for the right whale; with these parameters, reduction in energy availability increases the age at first parturition, increases intervals between reproductive events, reduces the organisms' ability to buffer seasonal fluctuations, and increases its susceptibility to temporal shifts in the seasonal peak of energy availability. Reduction in energy intake increases bioaccumulation and the amount of toxicant transferred from mother to each offspring. With high energy availability, the toxicant load of offspring decreases with birth order. Contrary to expectations, this ordering may be reversed with lower energy availability. Although demonstrated with parameters for the right whale, these relationships between energy intake and energetics and pharmacokinetics of organisms are likely to be much more general. Results specific to right whales include energy assimilation estimates for the North Atlantic and southern right whale, influences of history of energy availability on reproduction, and a relationship between ages at first parturition and calving intervals. Our model provides a platform for further analyses of both individual and population responses of marine mammals to pollution, and to changes in energy availability, including those likely to arise through climate change. 相似文献
56.
László Z. Garamszegi Thorsten J. S. Balsby Ben D. Bell Marta Borowiec Bruce E. Byers Tudor Draganoiu Marcel Eens Wolfgang Forstmeier Paolo Galeotti Diego Gil Leen Gorissen Poul Hansen Helene M. Lampe Stefan Leitner Jan Lontkowski Laurent Nagle Erwin Nemeth Rianne Pinxten Jean-Marc Rossi Nicola Saino Aurélie Tanvez Russell Titus János Török Els Van Duyse Anders P. Møller 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,57(4):305-317
Repertoire size, the number of unique song or syllable types in the repertoire, is a widely used measure of song complexity in birds, but it is difficult to calculate this exactly in species with large repertoires. A new method of repertoire size estimation applies species richness estimation procedures from community ecology, but such capture-recapture approaches have not been much tested. Here, we establish standardized sampling schemes and estimation procedures using capture-recapture models for syllable repertoires from 18 bird species, and suggest how these may be used to tackle problems of repertoire estimation. Different models, with different assumptions regarding the heterogeneity of the use of syllable types, performed best for different species with different song organizations. For most species, models assuming heterogeneous probability of occurrence of syllables (so-called detection probability) were selected due to the presence of both rare and frequent syllables. Capture-recapture estimates of syllable repertoire size from our small sample did not differ significantly from previous estimates using larger samples of count data. However, the enumeration of syllables in 15 songs yielded significantly lower estimates than previous reports. Hence, heterogeneity in detection probability of syllables should be addressed when estimating repertoire size. This is neglected using simple enumeration procedures, but is taken into account when repertoire size is estimated by appropriate capture-recapture models adjusted for species-specific song organization characteristics. We suggest that such approaches, in combination with standardized sampling, should be applied in species with potentially large repertoire size. On the other hand, in species with small repertoire size and homogenous syllable usage, enumerations may be satisfactory. Although researchers often use repertoire size as a measure of song complexity, listeners to songs are unlikely to count entire repertoires and they may rely on other cues, such as syllable detection probability.Communicated by A. Cockburn 相似文献
57.
Masami Fujiwara Kurt E. Anderson Michael G. Neubert Hal Caswell 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2006,13(2):183-197
We present a new method for estimating a distribution of dispersal displacements (a dispersal kernel) from mark-recapture
data. One conventional method of calculating the dispersal kernel assumes that the distribution of displacements are Gaussian
(e.g. resulting from a diffusion process) and that individuals remain within sampled areas. The first assumption prohibits
an analysis of dispersal data that do not exhibit the Gaussian distribution (a common situation); the second assumption leads
to underestimation of dispersal distance because individuals that disperse outside of sampling areas are never recaptured.
Our method eliminates these two assumptions. In addition, the method can also accommodate mortality during a sampling period.
This new method uses integrodifference equations to express the probability of spatial mark-recapture data; associated dispersal,
survival, and recapture parameters are then estimated using a maximum likelihood method. We examined the accuracy of the estimators
by applying the method to simulated data sets. Our method suggests designs for future mark-recapture experiments.
Received: January 2004 / Revised: July 2005 相似文献
58.
The kelp Laminaria hyperborea provides a habitat for a diverse invertebrate community. Invertebrate abundance is particularly high in the kelp holdfasts
and associated with epiphytes on the stipes. We investigated colonisation patterns of this fauna on artificial substrata (holdfast
and epiphyte mimics) exposed for short time periods in the kelp forest in two seasons, summer and late autumn. Within 7 days,
99 taxa common on natural kelp substratum colonised the artificial substrata in large numbers, demonstrating high mobility
and indicating that there may be a rapid exchange of individuals and species among algae. Gastropods and amphipods were the
most abundant colonisers. In summer, a specific “epiphyte fauna” could be distinguished from a “holdfast fauna”, and species
associated with epiphytes were significantly more abundant on the artificial substrata. Colonisation was more rapid in summer
than in late autumn, which may be related to animal population density. The high dispersal rate can facilitate the interaction
with other communities and with higher trophic levels in the kelp-forest food web.
Published online: 13 August 2002 相似文献
59.
David Sillam-Dussès Etienne Sémon Céline Moreau Irena Valterová Jan Šobotník Alain Robert Christian Bordereau 《Chemoecology》2005,15(1):1-6
Summary. The diterpene neocembrene A or (1E,5E,9E,12R)-1,5,9-trimethyl-12-(1-methylethenyl)-1,5,9-cyclotetradecatriene, known as the trail-following pheromone of the advanced Termitidae Nasutitermitinae Nasutitermes exitiosus and Trinervitermes bettonianus, has been identified after SPME-GC/MS as the major component of the trail-following pheromone of the Rhinotermitidae Prorhinotermitinae, Prorhinotermes canalifrons and P. simplex. In all the other Rhinotermitidae studied until now, the major component of their trail pheromones is dodecatrienol ((3Z,6Z,8E)-dodeca-3,6,8-trien-1-ol). This biochemical data further add to the anatomical and molecular characteristics that give a special status to the taxon Prorhinotermes among Rhinotermitidae. In Prorhinotermes canalifrons and P. simplex, neocembrene A was the only secretory compound specific to the sternal gland surface that could be detected after SPME. It elicited orientation as well as recruitment behavioral effects. However, the comparison of the respective biological activities triggered by neocembrene A and by sternal gland secretion suggests that minor components of the latter are acting in synergy with neocembrene A. 相似文献
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