风险评价在中国化学品管理中的运用

随着人们对化学品有毒与无毒辨证关系的认识、对危害与风险联系的理解的不断深入,风险概念引入了中国化学品管理领域,影响着中国化学品管理的方式。笔者认为我国的化学品应在以下方面加强管理:①充分发挥风险评价和风险管理在新化学物质申报、新农药等新化学品登记、现有危险化学品管理、化学品建设项目影响评价等化学品管理专项领域中的作用;②风险评价应考虑中国的生物多样性、应符合中国的研究水平和管理能力现状、应结合化学品在中国的暴露方式和暴露程度;③风险管理应注重风险信息交流,制定并执行科学可行的质量标准。      

硬化路面与温度场响应模型研究

硬化路面是城市热环境效应影响因素中较为重要的一个因素.笔者在研究了深圳市城市热效应的基础上,建立了一个三维动态模型对硬化路面条件下的温度场进行模拟.通过将模型的计算结果和在深圳的实测结果进行对比,发现2条曲线吻合较好,模拟结果十分接近实测结果.模型模拟结果还证明了硬化路面由于铺筑的材料具有较大蓄热、导热的能力,而且透水性差,因此温度升降都很快,对城市的热效应贡献大;城市绿化隔离带对城市温度场具有很好的调节作用,因此合理配置城市中的绿地对城市区域微热环境的改善能够起到很好的作用.      

Low-temperature caproate production,microbial diversity,and metabolic pathway in xylose anaerobic fermentation

● Converting xylose to caproate under a low temperature of 20 °C by MCF was verified. ● Final concentration of caproate from xylose in a batch reactor reached 1.6 g/L. ● Changing the substrate to ethanol did not notably increase the caproate production. ● Four genera, including Bifidobacterium , were revealed as caproate producers. ● The FAB pathway and incomplete RBO pathway were revealed via metagenomic analysis. Mixed culture fermentation (MCF) is challenged by the unqualified activity of enriched bacteria and unwanted methane dissolution under low temperatures. In this work, caproate production from xylose was investigated by MCF at a low temperature (20 °C). The results showed that a 9 d long hydraulic retention time (HRT) in a continuously stirred tank reactor was necessary for caproate production (~0.3 g/L, equal to 0.6 g COD/L) from xylose (10 g/L). The caproate concentration in the batch mode was further increased to 1.6 g/L. However, changing the substrate to ethanol did not promote caproate production, resulting in ~1.0 g/L after 45 d of operation. Four genera, Bifidobacterium, Caproiciproducens, Actinomyces, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12, were identified as the enriched caproate-producing bacteria. The enzymes in the fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) pathway for caproate production were identified via metagenomic analysis. The enzymes for the conversion of (C_n+2)-2,3-Dehydroxyacyl-CoA to (C_n+2)-Acyl-CoA (i.e., EC 1.3.1.8 and EC 1.3.1.38) in the reverse β-oxidation (RBO) pathway were not identified. These results could extend the understanding of low-temperature caproate production.     

有机溶剂浸取石油污染土壤中的多环芳烃

采用索氏提取法和气相色谱分析了某炼油厂周边土壤中的多环芳烃的种类及含量,考察了6种有机溶剂对土壤中多环芳烃的浸取效果,探讨了溶剂与溶质溶解度参数差异对浸取效果的影响。结果表明：土壤试样中含有蒽、荧蒽、芘、 、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽和苯并[a]芘8种多环芳烃,其含量分别为4.20,22.05,10.62,4.26,5.54,0.80,0.94,4.18 mg/kg;筛选出二氯甲烷作为土壤中多环芳烃的浸取溶剂;最佳浸取条件为浸取时间10 min、浸取温度30 ℃、溶剂与土壤的液固比5:1（mL/g）、土壤含水量8%,在此条件下,总多环芳烃浸出率为83.0%,各种多环芳烃的浸出率分别为蒽97.8%、荧蒽78.2%、芘99.9%、 98.5%、苯并[a]蒽81.1%、苯并[b]荧蒽47.6%、苯并[k]荧蒽14.8%、苯并[a]芘58.7%。     

基于F⁃J⁃M法的桥梁温度与地震作用效应组合研究∗

目前铁路桥梁设计逐渐由容许应力法向极限状态法转变,而《铁路桥涵设计规范（极限状态法）》（Q/CR 9300—2018）并未提及地震作用与温度等可变作用的联合作用,给高寒高烈度区桥梁结构抗震设计带来了较大困难。为了推进桥梁以更经济的抗力方式抵御外荷载作用,通过目标可靠度指标确定其最优地震设计状况荷载组合分项系数,从而对现行桥梁设计规范抗震设计进行优化。建立了高寒地区某桥温度作用效应概率模型,使用Ferry Borges荷载组合理论探究地震和环境温度作用的效应分布特征,并基于JC 法和多灾害荷载系数设计法（MH-LRFD）建立地震、温度作用荷载系数的表达式。依托某桥梁工程实例分别探究了地震、温度以及两者共同作用下的桥梁的失效概率。研究结果表明：环境温度引起的桥梁温度内力响应、主要构件材料特性变异均能显著影响桥梁的失效概率;对于高寒大温差地区,现行规范忽略环境温度效应将显著低估桥梁在地震作用下的失效概率。本文提出的F?J?M（FerryBorges+JC+MH-LRFD）方法计算地震、温度作用组合系数,可为高寒地区桥梁抗震设计提供必要理论依据。     

典型进口含铜原料熔炼烟气中重金属的释放特性

为了解我国进口含铜原料熔炼烟气中重金属的释放特性,以近年进口申报的铜精矿、铜锍、铜转炉渣和含铜污泥4种典型含铜原料为研究对象,通过高温管式炉模拟研究不同含铜物料、熔炼温度、熔剂添加比例等条件下,熔炼烟气中重金属的释放特性.结果表明,4种进口含铜原料熔炼烟气中As、Pb质量分数较高,进口铜精矿和含铜污泥熔炼烟气重金属质量...     

重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响

研究了3种重金属离子(Cu2 、Zn2 、Cd2 )对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)鳃丝Na K ATPase活力的影响。结果表明:3种重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na K ATPase活力的影响显著(p<0.05)而对照组变化不显著(p>0 05)。除0.05mg/LCd2 处理组凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na K ATPase活力在实验时间内均表现为显著促进作用外,3种重金属离子低浓度组在短时间内对Na K ATPase活力出现暂时的激活现象,至24h后同高浓度组一样,随作用时间Na K ATPase活力逐渐降低,表现为显著性抑制的剂量效应关系。     

Rapid treatment of atrazine-contaminated water by nickel/iron bimetallic system

The utility of nickel/iron in the remediation of atraz.ine-contaminated water was investigated. The experimental results showed that nickel/iron had effective catalytic activity in dechlorinating atraz.ine under acidic conditions. The dechlonnation reaction approximately followed the first-order kinetics under the experimental conditions( nickel/iron: 1.0 g/250 ml: Ca~r~ = 20.0 mg/L), the reaction rate increased with decreasing pH value of the reaction solution and increasing the proportion of Ni: Fe within 2.95 %. For condition with 2.95% nickel/iron, the reaction rate constants were 0.07518( R = 0.9927), 0.06212( R = 0.9846) and 0.00131 min^-1 ( R = 0.9.565) at pH = 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0, respectively. HPLC analysis was used to monitor the decline of atraz.ine concentration.     

高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤砷的分布特征探究

通过对贵州兴仁县交乐村高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤总砷的分布特征进行研究。文章对土壤总砷、pH值及有机质含量进行了分析,结果表明,污灌区土壤砷的含量最高达237.55mg/kg,最低为24.20mg/kg,平均As含量为85.62mg/kg,均高于世界、中国及贵州黄壤中的平均水平;pH平均值为5.12,属酸性土壤;有机质含量普遍偏高;高砷煤矿废水灌溉导致了灌区土壤中砷的累积。灌溉方式影响了土壤中砷的迁移与分布情况,土壤中砷的含量,随着与灌溉水源距离的增加而急剧降低。研究区土壤中砷的迁移较缓慢,但有向下游逐渐扩散的趋势。土壤总砷含量受到了pH值和有机质影响,但与两者的相关性并不明显。     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.