土壤中总石油烃预处理方法研究

采用了索氏提取法、超声波萃取法和加速溶剂萃取对土壤中的总石油烃预处理进行了研究分析,方法在0 mg/L~500 mg/L范围内均有良好的线性.采用索氏提取法时,总石油烃的方法检出限均在0.001 mg/kg~0.016 mg/kg范围内,回收率在65%~80%之间,相对标准偏差均在6.8%~12%之间;采用超声波萃取法时,总石油烃的方法检出限均在0.002 mg/kg~0.023 mg/kg范围内,回收率在60%~88%之间,相对标准偏差均在8.6%~15%之间;采用加速溶剂萃取时,总石油烃的方法检出限均在0.001 mg/kg~0.009 mg/kg范围内,回收率在70%~95%之间,相对标准偏差均在2.5%~8.8%之间.实验表明三种方法均可以作为土壤中总石油烃的预处理分析方法,但加速溶剂萃取更加快捷方便,更适合实际样品的分析.     

荧光光谱结合平行因子分析研究夏季周村水库溶解性有机物的分布与来源

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)模型,解析了2015年8月夏季周村水源水库中溶解性有机物(DOM)的组分并利用主成分分析法对影响水体DOM的主要因素及其相对贡献量进行了研究.结果表明,周村水库水体中的DOM可分为3个组分,分别为类富里酸荧光组分C1(260,350/420 nm)、类蛋白荧光组分C2(280/360 nm)和类腐殖酸组分C3(270,390/530 nm),且3个组分具有同源性;各组分平面分布均匀,入库口总荧光强度略高;较高的荧光指数FI,较高的自生源指标BIX,较低的腐殖化指标HIX以及接近于1的新鲜度指数(β∶α)综合表明夏季周村水库DOM的来源以自生源为主,并结合主成分分析得出,内源对DOM贡献率高达70.96%.与此同时,周村水库水体DOM各组分与aph(440)拟合相关性较好.因此可以通过对DOM三维荧光光谱的研究,有助于水库管理者更有目的地进行污染源的控制和治理,同时可以在一定程度上指示周村水库水体富营养化水平.     

优化施氮对河套灌区氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响

以河套灌区盐化潮土为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法和通气法研究了4个施肥处理(不施肥(CK)、传统施肥(CON)、优化处理1(OPT1,减氮53.3%)、优化处理2(OPT2,减氮53.3%+硝化抑制剂))对河套灌区玉米农田氧化亚氮(N_2O-N)排放、氨挥发(NH_3-N)损失和玉米产量的影响.结果表明:氮肥减量显著降低了土壤N_2O-N排放和NH_3-N挥发;相比于CON处理,OPT1处理的N_2O-N排放量和NH_3-N挥发量分别降低了45.2%和68.8%(p0.05),但N_2O-N损失氮素比率增加了9.7%(p0.05).施用硝化抑制剂可显著降低土壤N_2O-N排放,与OPT1处理相比,OPT2处理可降低34.6%(p0.05)的N_2O-N排放和41.5%(p0.05)的N_2O-N损失氮素比率,但NH_3-N挥发增加了47.5%(p0.05).OPT1处理显著降低了玉米产量,降幅达22.1%(p0.05),而OPT2处理相对于OPT1处理增产32.9%(p0.05),与传统施肥处理无差异.因此,综合N_2O-N排放、NH_3-N挥发及玉米产量可知,OPT2是较为合理的施肥措施,值得在河套灌区推广.     

Lake area changes in the middle Yangtze region of China over the 20th century

The Jianghan Plain and the Dongting lake area, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are famous for their abundant freshwater lakes. The lakes have undergone changes in size and number over thousands of years due to natural causes and human activities. The 20th century particularly, witnessed dramatic changes in the freshwater resources of this region. This paper traces and analyzes lake evolution in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River over the past century. Lakes greater than 0.1 km(2) in size are mapped using Geographic Information System. Data is acquired and integrated from drainage network maps, relief maps, historical maps and remotely sensed images for different time periods. The results indicate that while there has been little change in the number of lakes over the past century, the lake area has experienced a dramatic decrease of 58.06%. The paper also examines the natural processes and human activities that may have contributed to the decrease in lake area. The results show that the decrease in total lake area appears to coincide with periods of rapid land reclamation in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Moreover, uncontrolled land reclamation activities can create an increase in sediment deposition in lakes thereby further reducing the lake size. Reduction of the lake area directly affects flood-control and has a negative ecological impact on the environment and on human life and property.     

高海拔铁路隧道火灾燃烧特性试验研究

采用火灾模型试验的研究方式,在高海拔特长铁路隧道——关角隧道(32.645 km)的斜井内进行火灾燃烧的全尺寸模型试验,测得不同火灾规模条件下隧道内温度和烟气分布,通过分析试验结果,得到高海拔隧道火灾的燃烧特性。研究结果表明:隧道拱顶处温度高于隧道中心线附近温度;火源附近温度最高,隧道内各位置温度随着距火源点距离增加而降低;纵向风速对隧道内烟气分布有重要影响,火源下游温度高于上游温度。结合试验的分析结果,就高海拔隧道火灾防灾救援设计提出建议。     

全自动气体自燃温度测试系统设计及应用

为降低气体自燃温度测试中的操作危险,减少繁琐的手工操作,参照ASTM E659-78(2005),GB/T21791—2008及GB/T21860—2008标准,设计一套全自动气体自燃温度测试系统。采用操作微机软件控制炉体升降温、配气、进气、温度采集、现象拍摄、抽滤尾气等过程,实现气体自燃温度测试从开始进气到吹扫尾气全流程的自动化;利用设计系统测试一氧化碳、乙烷等4种易燃气体的自燃温度。结果表明,该系统操作方便快捷、安全,4种气体自燃温度测试结果与文献值的相对标准偏差不超过1.5%,验证了系统的实用性及准确性。     

生物质颗粒燃料燃烧技术发展现状及趋势

生物质颗粒燃料燃烧器具有热效率高,污染物排放量低,控制性好等优点,可以用于家庭取暖、热水、工业干燥等领域.目前国外生物质颗粒燃料燃烧器已发展成熟,但我国在这方面还有一定差距.通过分析典型生物质颗粒燃烧器的构造,以及点火方式和控制系统,指出国内目前存在燃烧器自动化程度低,核心技术缺乏,原料适应性差,相关技术标准缺乏等问题,最后提出加快点火和自控系统研发,制定行业标准等建议.     

肉桂在防治老年病中的应用前景

肉桂是常用的中药和调味剂,药理作用广泛.临床应用情况与对机体多系统疾病的研究结果表明,肉桂在老年病方面具有防治作用,结合老年病的现状探讨其在老年病防治中的应用前景.     

Magnetic microsphere confined ionic liquid as a novel sorbent for the determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples by liquid chromatography

Magnetic microsphere confined ionic liquid was synthesized by covalently bonding N-methylimidazolium on magnetic microspheres. The functionalized magnetic microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared material was used for the preconcentration of three chlorophenols (CPs) in water combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Several conditions that probably affected the extraction efficiency such as standing time, eluent and its volume, sample pH and volume, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, good recoveries (70.3-88.8%) were achieved with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 6.0%. The limits of detection for the three CPs were 0.20-0.35 μg L(-1). The results indicated that the ionic liquid-functionalized magnetic microspheres show significant promise for the analysis of CPs in environmental samples.     

昆明市东川区农业旱灾风险区识别研究

昆明市东川区是云南省农业旱灾危害较为严重的区域之一。利用2000-2007年东川区各乡镇历史灾情等数据资料,应用风险分析理论、效用理论、因子-成份分析方法等理论方法,在分别研究致灾风险度、承灾体易损性及地域人群对农业旱灾心理反响等基础上,构建了东川区农业旱灾风险评价模型。初步揭示出东川区农业旱灾风险度呈现出自南向北、自西向东逐渐增强的空间态势;识别出极高风险区、高风险区、中风险区和低风险区等4个农业旱灾风险区;发现东川区各地农业旱灾综合风险度、致灾风险度、承灾体易损度以及地域人群对旱灾的心理响应值等指数之间普遍存在着明显的正相关。