Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3在超临界水氧化中催化活性的研究

采用浸渍法制备了Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂,在超临界水中催化氧化降解1,5-萘二磺酸,探索了催化剂Mn2O3活性组分负载量、催化剂空速和反应溶液pH对Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性的影响。结果表明：Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3的催化活性在一定范围内随Mn2O3活性组分负载量的增加而提高;在一定范围内,Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3空速越小,模拟废水的COD去除率越高;Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化活性在反应溶液呈酸性情况下比碱性时高。     

Occurrence, sources, and inventory of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soils from Chongming Island, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD)

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) is a concern due to their large usage combining with physico-chemical properties and toxicity to wildlife and human. However, very limited data were reported on HBCDs in soils, especially from rural area. In this study, 22 soil samples were collected from Chongming Island at estuary of the Yangtze River Delta, to investigate the level, diasteroisomer profile, potential sources, and mass inventory of HBCDs. The total concentrations ranged from not detected to 93.8 pg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean of 23.3 pg g⁻¹ dw, which was at the low end of the global levels. The wide distribution of HBCDs in soils suggested that the local emissions of HBCD-containing materials and/or the inputs via atmospheric transport from other regions were two possible sources. Variation of HBCDs levels was observed in different types of soils. Woodland, tideland and road soils contained slightly higher HBCDs than those of farmland and grassland. Overall, γ-HBCD was the dominant diasteroisomer in soils, followed by α-HBCD and β-HBCD. Significant but weak correlations were only found between α-HBCD and β-HBCD versus TOC content in soils. Currently, the mass inventory of HBCDs in soils of Chongming Island was 5.3 kg. Based on these data, we gave perspective on human intake of HBCDs via soil ingestion by age. Local resident’s intakes ranged from 15.5 to 97.8 fg kg body weight⁻¹ d⁻¹, in which children are exposed more than adults.     

Investigation on the relationship between the fine particle emission and crystallization characteristics of gypsum during wet flue gas desulfurization process

The relationship between the fine particles emitted after desulfurization and gypsum crystals in the desulfurization slurry was investigated, and the crystallization characteristics varying with the operation parameters and compositions of the desulfurization slurry were discussed. The results showed that the fine particles generated during the desulfurization process were closely related to the crystal characteristics in the desulfurization slurry by comparison of their morphology and elements. With the higher proportion of fine crystals in the desulfurization slurry, the number concentration of fine particles after desulfurization was increased and their particle sizes were smaller, indicating that the optimization of gypsum crystallization was beneficial for the reduction of the fine particle emission. The lower pH value and an optimal temperature of the desulfurization slurry were beneficial to restrain the generation of fine crystals in the desulfurization slurry. In addition, the higher concentrations of the Fe^3 + ions and the F⁻ ions in the desulfurization slurry both promoted the generation of fine crystals with corresponding change of the morphology and the effect of the Fe^3 + ions was more obvious. With the application of the desulfurization synergist additive, it was beneficial for the inhibition of fine crystals while the thinner crystals were generated.     

系统响应气候变化脆弱性定量评价国内研究综述

定量评价气候变化脆弱性是人类采取适应性措施应对全球气候变化,以减少其不利影响的关键和基础。在对气候变化脆弱性有关概念进行讨论,及对国际、国内系统响应气候变化脆弱性评价研究回顾的基础上,对中国近十几来有关气候变化脆弱性定量评价研究的成果从三个方面进行了较为系统的总结：气候情景的模拟预测、系统变化过程的模拟、脆弱性指标的选取及脆弱性层次的划分。最后,从评价对象、技术手段、指标体系、时间尺度等方面探讨了该领域研究的不足及发展方向。     

太湖地区3种水稻土不同温度培养中有机碳库变化及其对升温的响应

全球变暖下土壤有机碳储存的变化是土壤与全球变化研究的热点问题.本研究选择了3种太湖地区代表性水稻土的表层土壤,分别进行20℃和25℃的室内恒温培养,监测培养过程中总有机碳、溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳的变化动态,试图了解这些土壤的有机碳分解过程对全球变暖的响应特点.结果表明,这些土壤培养中总有机碳变化可以用一级衰变动力学方程或对数衰减方程描述,但动力学特征依培养温度的不同而异.升温大大促进了铁渗水耕人为土和潜育水耕人为土中有机碳的分解与呼吸损失,而铁聚水耕人为土没有显著变化.供试土壤总有机碳损失的Q₁₀系数分别为:潜育水耕人为土(11.1～14.1)＞铁渗水耕人为土(4.4～6.4)＞铁聚水耕人为土(0.63～0.73).这一方面说明温度敏感性在同一地带的不同土壤间的差异超过文献上报道的不同气候带的差异,但另一方面揭示了水稻土可能是一类对全球升温敏感响应的人为土.溶解性有机碳和微生物量的碳的变化还提示不同温度培养下水稻土微生物群落结构可能改变,因而影响到土壤有机碳库的生物有效性在温度条件下的变化.可以认为,土壤升温下有机碳的变化不但与土壤有机碳的性质有关,而且与土壤性质控制下的生物条件的改变有关.故土壤升温下有机碳的损失不仅仅是温度对分解过程的反应速度的影响.当然,对于不同土壤间的这种差异还需从有机碳-土壤环境-土壤生物的相互关系上做进一步的工作.     

锰渣填埋场渗滤液及周边水体的水化学特征和质量评价

本文在分析锰渣填埋场区渗滤液及周边水体水化学组成的基础上,运用改进的水质量指数(WQI)进行了水质评价,阐述了填埋场渗滤液对下游水体的影响过程。结果表明,研究区渗滤液pH呈中性偏酸性,EC在1 780~44 500μS/cm之间,渗滤液中NH4-N、Mn2+、Mg2+、SO2-4、NO-3的浓度较高,并呈现SO2-4Mn2+Mg2+NH+4-N的特征,并且浓度与堆存时间呈负相关性。填埋场下游水体的重金属浓度微量,但NH4-N和Mn2+浓度较高,均超过GB 3838—2002和GB/T 14848—93规定的限值,其中2014年5月份某地下水的这两个参数分别超标243倍和488倍。改进的WQI指数评价结果显示,地表水的渗滤液水污染指数(LWPI)值在2.89~7.83之间,受影响的地下水为172,说明渗滤液已对锰渣填埋场下游水体造成严重影响。     

完善北京市地方水环境标准体系的总体思路

随着国家水环境标准思路的改变,北京市水环境标准也应进行相应的修订。在分析北京市水环境标准现状的基础上,指出了目前标准体系存在的主要问题。根据北京市水环境标准需求,提出了完善北京市水环境标准体系的总体思路,涉及工业、城镇污水处理厂、医疗机构等方面。标准体系完善对降低污染物排放、改善北京市水环境质量起着重要的作用,对未来北京市水环境标准体系的规划起着很好的参考意义。     

美国ADAM暖体假人简介

ADAM暖体假人（Advanced Thermal Manikin）是当今世界上最先进的热能测试人体舒适度模型。是热能测试人体模型技术上的一个飞跃。ADAM是由美国国家可再生资源实验室和美国西北测试科技公司（MTNW）共同研制的，用来精确检测车辆和航行器内短时间的环境变化。ADAM有126个独立的发汗区，可以高度精确地模拟人在不同环境气候条件下的感觉和舒适度，以及人体的各种反应，如出汗、呼吸等等。     

北部湾潮间带沉积物中重金属和多氯联苯的分布特征及生态风险评价

选择北部湾9个典型采样点,研究了潮间带沉积物中重金属和多氯联苯(PCBs)的分布特征和生态风险.分析结果表明,Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr等重金属和总PCBs的平均含量分别为0.100、10.00、19.89、45.97、208.65、0.098、17.86 mg.kg-1和1.48!g.kg-1.重金属和PCBs表现出不同的空间变化规律.相关性分析表明,北部湾潮间带的重金属主要来自人为污染;沉积物的粒度参数和有机质含量等性质特征是影响PCBs分布和迁移的重要因素;重金属和PCBs总量之间不存在明显的相关性.生态风险评价结果表明,PCBs和Cd是北部湾潮间带最主要的生态风险因子,Zn和PCBs是优势污染物;研究区域总体处于中等生态风险等级,表明沿岸港口和临海工业等人为活动已经对北部湾滨海地区造成了一定的环境压力.     

海洋环境中纳米金属的生物吸收及生物效应

当前随着纳米科技的发展,纳米材料,特别是纳米金属,因其独特的物化性质,在各行各业中的使用量呈指数增长,致使其在大气、水域、土壤环境中的安全性问题引起公众关注。尤其是在受到人类活动密切影响的近岸海洋环境中,纳米金属的潜在生态效应成为当前国内外研究的热点之一。本文重点综述了由于海洋环境的理化因子以及纳米金属独特的物化性质导致的纳米金属的环境行为,海洋生物对纳米金属的吸收,以及纳米金属的生物效应和可能的致毒机制,旨在为评估海洋环境中纳米金属的潜在生态危害,完善纳米材料的监管机制及保障纳米科技的可持续发展提供思路。