脉冲电源电凝聚处理厨房废水的研究

将脉冲电源和直流电源分别作为电凝聚处理废水的外加电源,拟试验探明电源对电凝聚处理废水的电能消耗的影响和相关参数的优化.试验结果表明,脉冲电源相对直流电源能更加有效降低阳极的超电位,减缓电极的极化,从而降低槽电压,进而有效地降低电能消耗.在试验条件下,脉冲频率对处理效果影响不显著,而脉冲占空比对处理效果有明显的影响,较合适的脉冲电源电凝聚处理废水的优化参数是:脉冲频率1 000 Hz、占空比60%.同时,对电解槽沉积絮凝物的处理进行了说明.     

双循环两相生物处理工艺的中试研究

采用双循环两相生物处理工艺(BICT)系统对城市污水处理厂出水进行中试研究,探讨了中试试验工况下BICT系统对污染物的去除率.结果表明,独立膜反应区的设置消除了生物硝化与除磷的关联性,从而可通过在SBR反应器缩短泥龄来提高系统的除磷效率;系统中污泥转移的实现,使系统在反应阶段能保证较高的污泥浓度,从而提高污泥的释磷效果,为系统处理能力的提升提供较大潜力.在适宜的试验工况下,进水COD容积负荷小于1.00 kg/(m3·d)时,系统COD平均去除率80%左右,出水COD保持在60 mg/L左右;总氮容积负荷小于0.4 kg/(m3·d)时,总氮平均去除率在80%左右,出水总氮低于15 mg/L;总磷容积负荷3～35 g/(m3·d)时,总磷去除率稳定在90%以上,出水总磷低于0.5 mg/L;出水指标均可达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)中的一级标准.     

Study on dissolved organic carbon in precipitation in Northern China

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured in 483 precipitation samples collected at 10 sites in Northern China from December 2007 to November 2008. The annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations and wet deposition fluxes of DOC for 10 sites ranged from 2.4 to 3.9 mg C/L and 1.4 to 2.7 g C m^?2 yr^?1, respectively. The proportion of DOC to total organic carbon (TOC) was 79% on average, suggesting that a significant fraction of TOC was present as insoluble particulate organic carbon. Due to intensive domestic coal use for house heating and smaller dilution of scavenged organic carbon, higher VWM concentrations of DOC were observed during winter and spring than during summer and autumn. When precipitation events were classified via air mass back-trajectories, the mixed trajectories from SE and NW always corresponded to significantly higher DOC than those from SE or NW alone, coinciding with the centre of a low pressure system moved eastward and the wind direction changed from southeast to northwest. The results also showed that each site had a similar seasonal variation for DOC wet deposition flux. The largest flux occurred during the rainy season, and the lowest flux appeared during winter months. The product of the TC/DOC ratio and the DOC flux yielded an average TC wet deposition flux of 3.2 g C m^?2 yr^?1 in Northern China, accounting for 8.6% and 22% of the carbon sink magnitude (37 g C m^?2 yr^?1) in terrestrial ecosystems and anthropogenic carbon emissions (14 g C m^?2 yr^?1), respectively. This indicates that atmospheric wet deposition of TC is a significant carbon flux that cannot be neglected in regional models of the carbon cycle, and should be considered along with dry deposition in the removal mechanism for carbon from regional atmosphere.     

Industrial-scale application of the plunger flow electro-oxidation reactor in wastewater depth treatment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Effluents after biochemical treatment contain pollutants that are mostly non-degradable. Based upon previous pilot-scale test results, an...     

Effects of high ammonium level on biomass accumulation of common duckweed Lemna minor L.

Growing common duckweed Lemna minor L. in diluted livestock wastewater is an alternative option for pollutants removal and consequently the accumulated duckweed biomass can be used for bioenergy production. However, the biomass accumulation can be inhibited by high level of ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) in non-diluted livestock wastewater and the mechanism of ammonium inhibition is not fully understood. In this study, the effect of high concentration of NH₄ ⁺ on L. minor biomass accumulation was investigated using NH₄ ⁺ as sole source of nitrogen (N). NH₄ ⁺-induced toxicity symptoms were observed when L. minor was exposed to high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) after a 7-day cultivation. L. minor exposed to the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration of 840 mg l^?1 exhibited reduced relative growth rate, contents of carbon (C) and photosynthetic pigments, and C/N ratio. Ammonium irons were inhibitory to the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and caused C/N imbalance in L. minor. These symptoms could further cause premature senescence of the fronds, and restrain their reproduction, growth and biomass accumulation. L. minor could grow at NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations of 7–84 mg l^?1 and the optimal NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was 28 mg l^?1.     

Sensitivity analysis of source regions to PM2.5 concentration at Fukue Island,Japan

The authors analyze the sensitivities of source regions in East Asia to PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm) concentration at Fukue Island located in the western part of Japan by using a regional chemical transport model with emission sensitivity simulations for the year 2010. The temporal variations in PM_2.5 concentration are generally reproduced, but the absolute concentration is underestimated by the model. Chemical composition of PM_2.5 in the model is compared with filter sampling data in spring; simulated sulfate, ammonium, and elemental carbon are consistent with observations, but mass concentration of particulate organic matters is underestimated. The relative contribution from each source region shows the seasonal variation, especially in summer. The contribution from central north China (105°E–124°E, 34°N–42°N) accounts for 50–60% of PM_2.5 at Fukue Island except in summer; it significantly decreases in summer (18%). Central south China (105°E–123°E, 26°N–34°N) has the relative contribution of 15–30%. The contribution from the Korean Peninsula is estimated at about 10% except in summer. The domestic contribution accounts for about 7% in spring and autumn and increases to 19% in summer. We also estimate the relative contribution to daily average concentration in high PM_2.5 days (>35 μg m^?3). Central north China has a significant contribution of 60–70% except in summer. The relative contribution from central south China is estimated at 46% in summer and about 30% in the other seasons. The contributions from central north and south China on high PM_2.5 days are generally larger than those of their seasonal mean contributions. The domestic contribution is smaller than the seasonal mean value in every season; it is less than 10% even in summer. These model results suggest that foreign anthropogenic sources have a substantial impact on attainment of the atmospheric environmental standard of Japan at Fukue Island.

Implications: The contribution from several source regions in East Asia to PM_2.5 concentration at Fukue Island, a remote island located in the western part of Japan and close to the Asian continent, is estimated using a three-dimensional chemical transport model. The model results suggest that PM_2.5 that is attributed to foreign anthropogenic sources have a larger contribution than that of domestic pollution and have a substantial impact on attainment of the atmospheric environmental standard of Japan at Fukue Island.     

九曲桥行人运动实验与模拟研究

公共场所中的人群疏散是行人疏散动力学研究中的重要内容。基于九曲桥行人运动观测实验对转角区域的行人运动特征进行研究,并利用人员疏散模拟软件Pathfinder模拟了因激励作用所导致的行人速度提高对通行效率的影响。结果表明,由于行人的停留、拍照行为导致转角内区域出现了明显的行人变换走道现象;行人在转角内区域出现的停留、超越行为导致行人速度出现大幅度波动,最低速度约为0.2 m/s,最高速度约为0.7 m/s;与转角后区域相比,行人密度变化对转角内区域的行人速度的影响更小,单位流量的影响更大;由于观测实验中行人停留、拍照等行为的存在,相同密度下转角后区域行人运动速度、单位流量均低于P&M平直通道模型;适当的激励作用有助于减轻行人拥堵,提高通行效率,当行人速度达到较高水平后效果不再显著。     

芳纶网橡胶复合粘弹阻尼器性能研究∗

在橡胶中加入芳纶网制成新型的复合粘弹阻尼器,对其进行疲劳试验、变形相关性试验和频率相关性试验,并研究新型阻尼器的最大剪应力、存储剪切模量和等效阻尼比等指标的性能变化规律。研究结果表明:该新型复合阻尼器力学性能稳定、阻尼器承受的最大剪应力增大、抗疲劳性能良好、该阻尼器的储存剪切模量和等效阻尼比受变形幅值的影响较大,受加载频率影响较小。根据试验屈服点和硬化点,采用Matlab建立双线性和多线性模型,模拟结果与试验结果拟合良好。     

烟气成分对负载V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2聚苯硫醚纤维脱除烟气中Hg~0的影响

通过固定床实验系统模拟烟气脱除Hg0的实验,研究了O2、HCl、NO、SO2、H2O和NH3对滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚(PPS)纤维负载V2O5-WO3/TiO2新型催化剂后脱除烟气中Hg0的影响,并分析其影响机理。结果表明,在温度为200℃、高纯N2气氛下,Hg0的脱除率很低,加入4%O2后,脱除率有所增加;0.05‰HCl条件下Hg0的脱除率仅为5%,而0.01‰HCl与4%O2并存的条件下,脱除率明显提高;NO对Hg0的催化氧化促进作用不是很显著;SO2对Hg0氧化具有毒害作用;H2O和NH3可抑制Hg0的脱除,O2的存在可抵消NH3的部分抑制作用。