基于多行业DSGE模型的中国碳减排政策效应

碳达峰和碳中和目标的提出,标志着中国低碳减排进入新的阶段,从国家层面的宏观政策包括各个行业的行业政策都在推行各种低碳减排政策,从行业异质性视角动态分析碳减排政策的效应具有重要的学术和实践意义。为此,构建一个包含环境外部性和碳减排政策的多行业动态随机一般均衡模型,研究许可证交易和碳税两种政策情景下,行业技术冲击、税收政策和减排政策调整冲击对宏观经济、环境和行业排放的动态效应。模拟发现:许可证交易政策情景下,行业技术冲击具有明显的结构性效应,覆盖行业企业减排率上升,排放下降,而未覆盖行业排放随产出上升而上升,而在碳税政策情景下,这种差异并不明显。政府采用盯住总排放波动的碳减排政策能够有效地减少冲击带来的福利损失,提高对维持排放水平的关注程度能够减少相应的福利损失。建议政府有效地权衡经济增长和改善环境二者之间的关系,在不造成大的负面经济影响的前提下,加大减排政策力度,推广和扩大碳交易试点范围,尽快在全国建立统一的碳市场。制定碳减排政策时,考虑碳减排政策收入的返还机制,配以减税的财政政策以刺激经济,缓和减排政策的负面影响。政府应根据排放水平顺周期地动态调整碳减排政策的强度,适当提高对维持排放水平的关注程度。     

有氧和厌氧环境下指示微生物的稳定性特征

建立有氧和厌氧水环境模拟反应器,利用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术探究了猪源拟杆菌标记物、部分指示微生物和潜在致病菌在有氧及厌氧水环境中的变化特征.结果表明,指示微生物 Streptococcaceae、Lactobacillaceae、Carnobacteriaceae、Ruminococcaceae、Lachnos...     

非承重草砖墙体的耐火性能试验分析

为研究草砖房的耐火性能,根据目前使用最多的砖混框架结构草砖房的结构特点,采用尺寸为1 000 mm×480 mm×360 mm草砖砌成宽3 000 mm,高3 000 mm,厚400 mm的非承重的草砖墙体作为试验用构件,利用大型垂直构件耐火试验炉,采用标准火灾升温曲线进行升温,对实体构件进行耐火性能试验。采用K型热电偶记录背火面的温升情况,研究其火灾试验过程中的耐火完整性和耐火隔热性,判断其耐火极限。试验结果表明,非承重草砖墙体具有良好的耐火性能,其耐火极限不低于3.0 h。同时,在这种结构的草砖墙体中,草砖外侧的抹灰层有效地阻挡火灾初期火的侵蚀;钢丝网片有效地起到固定草砖的作用;紧密压实的草砖其内部没有足够的可助燃的氧,且草砖表层暴露于火焰中形成炭化层阻止了火焰进一步向其内部蔓延。     

酚类化合物对不同组织细胞DNA损伤的研究

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术 ,研究了酚类化合物对不同组织细胞DNA的损伤 .试验结果表明 ,酚类化合物均能引起不同组织细胞不同程度的DNA损伤 ,并呈现剂量效应关系 .其高剂量组与对照组相比 ,均有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1 ) .不同组织细胞对同一种药物呈现出不同的敏感性 .酚类化合物遗传毒性效应与其结构密切相关     

中国技术灾害的时序变化与区域差异

近年来,由于生产的全球化、工业水平的迅速提高、技术系统的复杂化和规模化,以及社会结构急剧变化,我国技术灾害的发生频次增多,强度加剧,经济损失趋于上升.技术灾害继自然灾害之后,已逐渐发展为威胁我国人民生命安全和生存环境的主要灾种.基于技术灾害数据库,从致灾因子多度、风险频数、相对损失强度和综合风险指数等4个方面对中国技术灾害的时序变化和区域差异进行了分析与探讨,以期加深对中国技术灾害的系统认识,并为中国技术灾害的风险管理提供依据.     

The performance of nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes under variable initial Fe/N ratios: The fate of nitrogen and iron species

•Bacterially-mediated coupled N and Fe processes examined in incubation experiments. •NO₃⁻ reduction was considerably inhibited as initial Fe/N ratio increased. •The maximum production of N₂ occurred at an initial Fe/N molar ratio of 6. •Fe minerals produced at Fe/N ratios of 1–2 were mainly easily reducible oxides. The Fe/N ratio is an important control on nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes that occur both in the aquatic environment and in wastewater treatment systems. The response of nitrate reduction, Fe oxidation, and mineral production to different initial Fe/N molar ratios in the presence of Paracoccus denitrificans was investigated in 132 h incubation experiments. A decrease in the nitrate reduction rate at 12 h occurred as the Fe/N ratio increased. Accumulated nitrite concentration at Fe/N ratios of 2–10 peaked at 12–84 h, and then decreased continuously to less than 0.1 mmol/L at the end of incubation. N₂O emission was promoted by high Fe/N ratios. Maximum production of N₂ occurred at a Fe/N ratio of 6, in parallel with the highest mole proportion of N₂ resulting from the reduction of nitrate (81.2%). XRD analysis and sequential extraction demonstrated that the main Fe minerals obtained from Fe(II) oxidation were easily reducible oxides such as ferrihydrite (at Fe/N ratios of 1–2), and easily reducible oxides and reducible oxides (at Fe/N ratios of 3–10). The results suggest that Fe/N ratio potentially plays a critical role in regulating N₂, N₂O emissions and Fe mineral formation in nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes.     

Less attention paid to waterborne SARS-CoV-2 spreading in Beijing urban communities

• A survey on individual’s perception of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was conducted. • Waterborne transmission risks are far less perceived by individuals. • Precautions of preventing wastewater mediated transmission are implemented. • The precautions for wastewater transmission are less favored by the public. • Education level differs the most regarding to waterborne transmission perception. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in various environmental media. Community and individual-engaged precautions are recommended to stop or slow environmentally-mediated transmission. To better understand the individual’s awareness of and precaution to environmental dissemination of SARS-CoV-2, an online survey was conducted in Beijing during March 14–25, 2020. It is found that the waterborne (especially wastewater mediated) spreading routes are far less perceived by urban communities. The precautions for wastewater transmission are less favored by the public than airborne and solid waste mediated spreading routes. Such risk communication asymmetry in waterborne transmission will be further enlarged in places with fragile water system. Furthermore, education level is the most significant attribution (Sig.<0.05) that causes the difference of awareness and precautions of the waterborne transmission among the respondents, according to the variance analysis results. Our survey results emphasize the urgent need for evidence-based, multifactorial precautions for current and future outbreaks of COVID-19.     

Exogenously applied oxalic acid assists in the phytoremediation of Mn by Polygonum pubescens Blume cultivated in three Mn-contaminated soils

• The OA supply significantly increased the water-extractable Mn in all soils. • All OA supply levels promoted plant growth in unexplored soil. • Low OA supply level promoted plant growth in explored and tailing soils. • OA amendment increased the Mn concentrations and total Mn in P. pubescens. • P. pubescens experienced less Mn stress in unexplored soil than in the other two soils. The current study evaluated the effects of oxalic acid (OA) application on the growth and Mn phytoremediation efficiency of Polygonum pubescens Blume cultivated in three different manganese (Mn)-contaminated soils sampled from an unexplored area (US), an explored area (ES) and a tailing area (TS) of the Ertang Mn mine, South China. The supplied levels of OA were 0 (control), 1 (low level), 3 (medium level), and 9 (high level) mmol/kg, referred to as CK, OA1, OA3 and OA9, respectively. The results revealed that the average water-extractable Mn concentrations US, ES and TS amended with OA increased by 214.13, 363.77 and 266.85%, respectively. All OA supply levels increased plant growth and Mn concentrations in US. The low OA supply level increased plant growth in ES and TS; however, contrasting results were found for the medium and high OA supply levels. Plant Mn concentrations and total Mn increased in ES and TS in response to all OA supply levels. Total Mn in the aerial parts increased by 81.18, 44.17 and 83.17% in US, ES and TS, respectively; the corresponding percentages for the whole plants were 81.53, 108.98 and 77.91%, respectively. The rate of ·O₂⁻ production and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations increased in response to OA amendment, especially the medium and high OA supply levels in ES and TS. In general, antioxidant enzymes might play a vital role in alleviating Mn stress in plants cultivated in US, while non-enzymatic antioxidants might be the main factor for plants cultivated in ES and TS.     

会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子特征及成因分析

以我国最大的低海拔岩溶湿地会仙岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区丰水期、平水期和枯水期共采集的27组地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,在分析会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子化学特征和不同时期变化基础上,运用单指标污染标准指数法对不同时期地下水进行污染评价,利用多元统计、Gibbs模型和离子比例关系识别地下水主要离子成因.结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水主要为弱碱性淡水,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为优势离子.不同时期地下水主要离子总浓度顺序为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中K⁺和NO₃^-主要受含水层空间分布差异影响,Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺和TDS受时空尺度综合作用,Na⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-和Cl^-为水体中较稳定离子.受碳酸盐岩控制,丰水期、平水期和枯水期地下水化学类型具有高度一致性,HCO₃-Ca水占比分别为77.78%、77.78%和88.89%.地下水主要受SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NO₂^-污染,NO₃^-出现极严重程度污染样点,SO₄^2-在丰水期和平水期出现较重污染样点.地下水化学组分主要受水岩作用控制,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于方解石风化溶解,少量水点受白云岩、白云质灰岩及硫铁矿控制导致Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度偏高,K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-部分来源于大气降水,Na⁺和Cl^-部分来源于当地居民生活,K⁺与种植施用的钾肥相关,NO₃^-主要来源是化学肥料.     

石盘丘小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤氮磷流失形态及通量

为了解三峡库区小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤氮、磷流失特征,为农业非点源污染防控提供科学依据;采用田间试验的方法,研究了三峡库区石盘丘小流域水田、旱坡地、林地、柑橘园和菜地这5种土地利用方式下地表径流不同形态氮、磷流失浓度与通量的特征.结果表明：全氮流失通量的顺序为水田[17.73 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 柑橘园[4.86 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 旱坡地[4.33 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 菜地[4.00 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 林地[2.41 kg·（hm²·a）^-1];全磷流失通量的顺序为菜地[4.97 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 柑橘园[1.87 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 水田[0.93 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 林地[0.27 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 旱坡地[0.19 kg·（hm²·a）^-1];5种土地利用方式下氮、磷流失主要集中在降雨频繁的4~5月,占全年氮、磷流失总负荷的53.80%~96.52%和56.03%~87.78%;氮流失主要以硝态氮（16.16%~52.70%）的形态流失,全氮流失通量与径流量呈现出显著正相关关系（R²=0.9826）;在菜地中颗粒磷是磷流失的主要形态（83.30%）,但在其他土地利用方式中表现不显著.不同土地利用方式下不同形态氮、磷流失存在显著差异,其中菜地应针对强降雨情况下颗粒磷流失的问题采取措施,水田应避免在降雨集中时期施肥;科学施肥和合理地土地利用方式配置是治理小流域农业非点源污染的重要途径.