Mn203/γ-Al2O3在超临界水氧化中催化活性的研究

采用浸渍法制备了Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂,在超临界水中催化氯化降解1,5-萘二磺酸,探索了催化剂Mn2O3活性组分负载量、催化剂空速和反应溶液pH对Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性的影响.结果表明:Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3的催化活性在一定范围内随Mn2O3活性组分负载量的增加而提高;在一定范围内,Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3空速越小,模拟废水的COD去除率越高;Mn2O3/γ-Al2O3催化活性在反应溶液呈酸性情况下比碱性时高.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中重金属有效态浓度

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP/MS)法,结合内标技术,高效、快速地测定了土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和Se 9种元素的有效态浓度.Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg的有效态采用0.1 mol/L NaNO3浸提,所得浸提液上机前预先稀释10倍;As和Se的有效态采用稀HCl浸提.结果表明,在测定所有空白、标准溶液及样品时均在线加入500 靏/L 45Sc/72Ge/209Bi内标溶液,有效地克服了基体效应、接口效应和仪器波动所产生的影响;0.15%(质量分数)NaCl\|1.0%(体积分数)HCl作为Hg标准溶液固定液,可保证1 靏/L Hg标准溶液7 d有效期;9种元素有效态的仪器检出限均在靏/L级以下,方法检出限<0.030 mg/kg,平均加标回收率为81%～121%,相对标准偏差为0.02%～1.21%.     

The solid-solution partitioning of heavy metals (Cu,Zn, Cd,Pb) in upland soils of England and Wales

Ninety-eight surface soils were sampled from the uplands of England and Wales, and analysed for loss-on-ignition (LOI), and total and dissolved base cations, Al, Fe, and trace heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb). The samples covered wide ranges of pH (3.4-8.3) and LOI (9-98%). Soil metal contents measured by extraction with 0.43 mol l-1 HNO3 and 0.1 mol l-1 EDTA were very similar, and generally lower than values obtained by extraction with a mixture of concentrated nitric and perchloric acids. Total heavy metal concentrations in soil solution depend positively upon soil metal content and [DOC], and negatively upon pH and LOI, values of r2 ranging from 0.39 (Cu) to 0.81 (Pb). Stronger correlations (r2=0.76-0.95) were obtained by multiple regression analysis involving free metal ion (Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+) concentrations calculated with the equilibrium speciation model WHAM/Model VI. The free metal ion concentrations depend positively upon MHNO3 and negatively upon pH and LOI. The data were also analysed by using WHAM/Model VI to describe solid-solution interactions as well as solution speciation; this involved calibrating each soil sample by adjusting the content of "active" humic matter to match the observed soil pH. The calibrated model provided fair predictions of total heavy metal concentrations in soil solution, and predicted free metal ion concentrations were in reasonable agreement with the values obtained from solution-only speciation calculations.     

水氮组合模式对双季稻甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为给双季稻水肥高效利用调控技术提供理论基础,设置间歇灌溉和淹水灌溉两种灌溉方式,高氮、中氮、低氮和不施氮这4种施肥方式,开展大田小区试验,探讨了水氮组合模式对双季稻CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,间歇灌溉显著降低了CH4积累排放量,与淹水灌溉相比,早晚稻分别降低13.18~87.90 kg·hm-2和74.48~131.07 kg·hm-2,分别减排了24.4%~67.4%和42.5%~66.5%;但促进了N2O排放,早晚稻的增排量分别为0.03~0.24 kg·hm-2和0.35~1.53 kg·hm-2,分别比淹水灌溉增加6.2%~18.3%和40.2%~80.9%.总体上,间歇灌溉降低了稻田温室气体的增温潜势,其中早稻降低了18.8%~58.6%,晚稻降低34.4%~60.1%,两季综合降低2 388~4 151 kg·hm-2(以CO2eq计),下降41%~54%.通过相关分析发现,土壤CH4排放和土壤溶液Eh显著负相关,和溶液CH4浓度显著正相关.与淹水灌溉相比间歇灌溉模式有利于减排CH4,虽增排了N2O,但增温潜势显著减少.综合来看,间歇灌溉配施中氮更有利于双季稻种植.     

喀斯特地区典型风化剖面重金属超标程度及元素迁移特征研究

我国西南喀斯特地区是著名的重金属元素地球化学异常区。除了人类活动所导致的土壤污染问题以外,地质背景很可能是造成土壤重金属超标的重要因素。为了弄清岩石风化和成土过程中重金属的释放规律及其环境效应,本次研究以贵州省罗甸县典型的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩风化剖面为载体,采用实地调查、地球化学测试分析等手段,结合质量平衡系数的计算方法对研究剖面的重金属元素超标程度及元素迁移规律展开调查。研究结果表明:碳酸盐岩比泥质岩具有更高的重金属元素释放潜能,其风化和成土过程向环境中释放重金属的量与风化壳的发育程度有关。研究区石灰土剖面重金属元素超标程度严重,且以Cd和As的超标程度最大。地带性黄壤中Cr、Ni元素的富集很可能与剖面发育过程中铁氧化物的沉淀富集有关。综合分析认为岩性不同所导致的风化速率的差异很可能是造成碳酸盐岩和泥质岩剖面重金属淋失程度差异的主要原因。而且,重金属元素在风化剖面中的迁移规律受元素自身地球化学性质、母岩类型和风化壳发育程度等多重因素控制。     

Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region

This study presents the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),O_3,SO_2 and NOxat one urban,one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 272013. Major chemical components of PM_(2.5)at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO_2(7–82 μg/m~3),O_3(27–171 μg/m~3) and NOx(14–213 μg/m~3) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS)in China. However,PM_(2.5)concentrations(143–168 μg/m~3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS.Higher PM_(2.5)concentrations(~ 150 μg/m~3) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site,while PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly increased from 250 to400 μg m~(-3) at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites,PM_(2.5)components were dominated by organic carbon(OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate(SO_4~(2-)),ammonium(NH_4~+) and nitrate(NO_3~-). Compared with rural sites,urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium(K~+and K) contribution to PM_(2.5).Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions(e.g.,biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions.Furthermore,coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period,the Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region,as follows: secondary aerosol(39%),biomass burning(20%),supply heating(18%),soil/road dust(14%) and traffic(9%).     

静电纺丝法制备CaIn2O4-In2O3纳米带及其光催化性能

利用静电纺丝技术原位制备了准一维结构CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带.采用XRD、SEM、TEM、EDS、UV-vis DRS、N_2吸附-脱附曲线等对合成的光催化剂进行表征,并以对苯二甲酸(TA)为分子探针物质,结合荧光技术探讨了光催化反应过程中·OH自由基的变化.以亚甲基蓝(MB)为降解目标物,考察了CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带的光催化活性,并研究了溶液pH及MB初始浓度对其光催化活性的影响.研究结果表明,宽度约为(663±75) nm的CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带由直径约为80 nm的纳米颗粒组成,且纳米颗粒之间有一定的孔隙.模拟太阳光辐照120 min,MB的降解率为76%,且降解过程服从一级动力学模型.CaIn_2O_4-In_2O_3纳米带在酸性环境中显正电性,且光催化反应体系中·OH自由基的生成量随反应时间线性增加.CaIn_2O_4与In_2O_3的耦合使得合成的光催化剂在模拟太阳光下具有良好的光催化活性.     

喀斯特山区砷渣堆场污染迁移风险与区划

喀斯特山区土壤空间异质性强,污染物在洼地土壤之间可能通过独特的地表与地下二元水文地质结构的贯通互联而发生转移.通过对喀斯特山区砷渣堆场的废渣及受其影响的土壤中砷含量、分布和迁移等进行系统分析表明,降雨淋滤砷渣产生的废液随地表和地下径流远距离迁移影响洼地土壤;pH从渣场经麻厂到屯脚洼地沿迁移路径升高,均值分别为3.3、6...     

Microcystin-LR biodegradation by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

A promising bacterial strain for biodegrading microcystin-LR (MC-LR) as the sole carbon and nitrogen source was successfully isolated from Lake Dianchi, China. The strain was identified as Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05, which was the first isolated MCs-biodegrading Sphingopyxis sp. in China. The average biodegradation rate of MC-LR by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 was 28.8 mg??L^?1 per day, which was apparently higher than those of other bacteria reported so far. The optimal temperature and pH for both strain USTB-05 growth and MC-LR biodegradation were 30??C and 7.0, respectively. The release of MC-LR from the cyanobacterial cells collected from Lake Guishui and the biodegradation of MC-LR by both strain and cell-free extract (CE) were investigated. The results indicated that MC-LR with the initial concentration of 4.0 mg??L^?1 in water was biodegraded by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 within 4 d, while MC-LR with the initial concentration of 28.8 mg??L^?1 could be completely removed in 3 h by CE of Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 containing 350 mg??L^?1 protein. During enzymatic biodegradation of MC-LR, two intermediate metabolites and a dead-end product were observed on an HPLC chromatogram. Moreover, the similar scanning profiles of MC-LR and its metabolic products indicate that the Adda side-chain of MC-LR was kept intact in all products.     

线扫极谱法快速测定鱼组织中的金属硫蛋白

本文报告了用线扫极谱法测定鱼组织中金属硫蛋白（ＭＴ）的分析方法，其主要步骤是将鱼将成匀浆，加热变性除去杂蛋白，离心后取上清液直接加入钴氨液中，记录－１．４６Ｖ（ｕｓ ＳＣＥ）处峰形，由峰高求得ＭＴ浓度。本文给出ＭＴ标准波形，凝胶过滤分离－峰电流图谱，干扰因素及其浓度，检出量和回收率，最后求得鲫鱼六种组织中ＭＴ的本底值和经Ｃｄ（Ⅱ），Ｈｇ（Ⅱ）和Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）诱导后的实测值。结果表明本方法具有快速、灵敏