城市绿地对小气候影响的研究进展

城市绿地对小气候的生态作用是研究城市绿地的重要问题.综述了国内外有关城市绿地对温度、湿度作用的研究报导,总结了城市绿地对温度、湿度影响的时空变化规律.目前城市绿地与温、湿度的关系多为定性研究,定量研究的技术与手段的局限使得定量研究还存在一定困难;城市绿地在美学、休憩等方面的潜在作用还无法定量研究;关于城市绿地群落结构与特性对小气候影响机制的研究还很少,这些都将是今后研究的重要方向.     

镍网负载纳米TiO_2光催化反应器对酸性品红脱色效果实验研究

采用负载纳米TiO2的三维镍网装配了光催化反应器,就其对酸性品红溶液进行脱色效果进行了实验研究。考察了反应器的3种装配条件、品红初始浓度、pH值、H2O2投加量、紫外光剂量等因素对酸性品红脱色效果的影响。结果表明:UV灯+镍网+TiO2模式组合的反应器脱色效果最好;在相同的处理时间内酸性品红溶液的脱色率随起始浓度的增大而减小;将酸性品红溶液pH值调至5时脱色效果最明显,70 min的脱色率可高达94.8%。脱色效果还可以通过溶液中添加H2O2和控制紫外线剂量来调节。当溶液中H2O2投加量为0.5 g/L时,处理70 min后的脱色率可高达98.3%;到达反应界面紫外光剂量越多则能够获得越高的酸性品红脱色率。     

Effect of physical forms of soil organic matter on phenanthrene sorption

The sorption coefficient, K(OC), of phenanthrene (PHE) has been reported to vary with different types of organic matter, leading to uncertainties in predicting the environmental behavior of PHE. Among the studies that relate organic matter properties to their sorption characteristics, physical conformation of organic matter is often neglected. In this work, organic matter samples of different physical forms were examined for their sorption characteristics. Dissolved humic acids (DHA) showed significantly higher K(OC) than the corresponding solid humic acids (SHA) from which the DHAs were made. The K(OC) of DHAs was found to be related to polarity, whereas K(OC) of SHAs increased with aliphatic carbon content. Soil particles were treated with H(2)O(2) to remove organic matter, and humic acid was coated on H(2)O(2)-treated soil particles to make organo-mineral complexes at pH 4, 7 and 10. Although the nonlinear sorption was apparent for SHAs and H(2)O(2)-treated soil particles, the organo-mineral complexes formed using these two components at pH 4, 7 and 10 exhibited relatively linear sorption at organic carbon content, f(OC)>0.5%. These results indicate that organic matter of the same composition may have different sorption properties due to different physical forms (or conformations). Nonlinear sorption for the complexes formed at pH 4 with lower f(OC) (<0.5%) was also discussed.     

改性锰砂对废水中锰的吸附特性研究

通过正交实验,研究pH值、反应时间、锰砂投加量和锰砂改性时间等因素对Mn2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在25℃,吸附反应体系pH=9,锰砂投加量为15 g/L,吸附时间为30 min,锰砂的高锰酸钾改性时间为36 h时,改性锰砂对锰的吸附去除率最高,达到了99.99%。四因素的影响顺序为:pH>反应时间>锰砂投加量>锰砂改性时间。在单因素实验中,当pH=7,吸附剂投加量为25 g/L时,经60 min可达吸附平衡,锰的去除率为60.04%,其等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,并且与Langmuir模型的拟合程度更高。本研究还对改性锰砂吸附除锰的机理做了初步探讨。     

上海郊区表层土壤中DDT残留特征

为掌握上海市北部郊区农田表层土壤有机氯农药残留状况,在上海市宝山区的农田分布区域布设采样点,采集表层土壤样品,用美国EPA方法分析了土壤中DDT及其4种衍生物的残留量.结果表明,上海市宝山区农田土壤中平均DDT总残留量为0.057 mg·kg-1,DDT的4种衍生物p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDT,o,p'-DDT的平均残留量分别为0.032、0.007、0.018、0.000 mg·kg-1.该研究中大部分区域土壤DDT总残留量低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准限值,没有形成土壤DDT污染;但在DDT残留量最高的地块,土壤DDT总残留量达0.694 mg·kg-1,超过了国家土壤环境质量二级标准限值,形成了一定范围的土壤DDT污染.在所有采样点中,有4个点位的p,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDE比值大于1,且其DDT总残留量也较高,说明这几块区域村在禁用期间又被新施加了DDT的可能.该研究可为有针对性地开展区域土壤环境保护和污染防治提供重要参考依据.     

中亚热带次生林成林规律及经营技术研究——Ⅰ.次生林环境背景分析与类型划分

本文分析了湖南省中亚热带次生林优势种群间的联结和环境梯度。通过研究,将全省次生林划分为8大类型即暖性针叶林、温性针叶林、干热性常绿阔叶林、干暖性常绿阔叶林、暖湿性常绿阔叶林、温湿性常绿阔叶林、暖性落叶阔叶林和温性落叶阔叶林等。     

塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液的效能研究

通过正交试验研究了固液比、进水COD和运行周期对塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床处理垃圾渗滤液的性能影响.小试试验结果表明,在温度为10～37 ℃条件下,固液比是影响污染物去除性能的关键因素.现场中试研究表明,在水力负荷为0.267～0.444 m3/d(以每立方米矿化垃圾计)条件下,出水COD和出水氨氮基本满足国家二级排放标准.塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床是一种高效低耗的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺.     

受污染景观水体的生物修复

应用生物刺激剂BIOE1对受污染的人工景观池水进行生物修复试验。现场试验的结果表明,生物刺激剂BIOE1能有效地对受污染的景观池水进行生物修复,处理后的池水清澈,水体中的溶解氧浓度显著提高,CODCr、氨氮、总磷和浊度的去除率分别为68%、93%、75%和83%。所用生物刺激剂不含外来微生物,对人体和鱼类无毒性。     

Spatial distribution, electron microscopy analysis of titanium and its correlation to heavy metals: occurrence and sources of titanium nanomaterials in surface sediments from Xiamen Bay, China

Titanium nanomaterials are likely to sink into sediments in substantial quantities due to their wide use in a number of applications for decades. To assess the potential environmental consequences, a better understanding is required of the occurrence and sources of titanium (Ti) nanomaterials in sediments. In this research, we provide the first report of the Ti concentrations and the morphology and composition of Ti-based solids in surface sediments from Xiamen Bay, China. Results indicated that the anthropogenic Ti concentrations in the surface sediments from Xiamen Bay reached approximately 2.74 g kg(-1). Ti nanomaterials could be found in sediments with elevated Ti concentrations, which were often aggregated to a few hundred nanometers (<300 nm) and were composed of several spherical particles, less than 50 nm in size, that were made solely of TiO(x). However, Ti particles (approx. 300-700 nm) could be also found in sediments with lower Ti concentrations, which were presumably components of the natural clay mineral kaolinite. Ti nanomaterials could be easily distributed in sediments associated with elevated levels of organic matter and preferentially attach to those sediments with elevated fine fractions. As a sentinel, or tracer, for other nanomaterials, the field-scale investigation of Ti nanomaterials would contribute to increasing our knowledge on the behavior of engineered nanomaterials in an aquatic environment.     

楼顶式移动基站电磁辐射污染调查

对南通市楼顶式移动基站电磁辐射污染进行了调查。结果表明,南通市418个楼顶站基站周边地面50 m范围内电磁辐射功率密度值均能满足《电磁环境控制限值》(GB 8702—2014)的要求;楼顶美化天线、集束天线和景观塔等建设较晚的楼顶塔形地面电磁辐射强度相对较小,楼顶角钢塔、拉线塔和抱杆等建设较早的塔形地面电磁辐射强度相对较大;楼顶塔所在楼顶平台监测值存在轻度超标的情况。提出,应严格控制楼顶塔所在楼顶的人员可达性,即基站电磁辐射防护区应高出楼顶2 m以上,避免公众进入基站电磁辐射防护区内,受到基站天线的过量辐射影响。