畜禽粪便除臭及生物干燥技术研究进展

综述了近几年来国内外畜禽粪便除臭及脱水技术的研究进展,其中对生物干燥技术的发展进行了比较详细的介绍,以期推动我国畜禽粪便处理技术水平的提高。     

Optimal Design of a Multi-Pollutant Air Quality Monitoring Network in a Metropolitan Region Using Kaohsiung, Taiwan as an Example

An air quality monitoring network (AQMN) usually performs the basic function of assessment of regional air quality and demonstration of compliance with ambient air quality standards in an urban area. Different pollutants, however, may present different characteristic variabilities due to their specific emission patterns, rates of diffusion, and transport and transformation behaviors. But the costs of siting in a pollutant-specific monitoring network would be higher than that for a common network with respect to several pollutants monitored simultaneously. This paper presents a survey of multi-pollutant design principles and optimal searches for siting patterns of an AQMN using both simulation and optimization models as a combined tool. While conservative, quasi-stable, and reactive pollutants are considered in the design principles, cost, coverage effectiveness, and spatial correlation characteristics are included in the multi-criteria decision making process. For illustrative purpose, a series of technical settings and two types of objectives were examined in the case study for the city of Kaohsiung in Taiwan.     

Design approaches for a cycling adsorbent/photocatalyst system for indoor air purification: formaldehyde example

A kinetic model for a cycling adsorbent/photocatalyst combination for formaldehyde removal in indoor air (Chin et al. J. Catalysis 2006, 237, 29-37) was previously developed in our lab, demonstrating agreement with lab-scale batch operation data of other researchers (Shiraishi et al. Chem. Engineer. Sci. 2003, 58, 929-934). Model parameters evaluated included adsorption equilibrium and rate constants for the adsorbent (activated carbon) honeycomb rotor, and catalytic rate constant for pseudo-first-order formaldehyde destruction in the titanium dioxide photoreactor. This paper explores design consequences for this novel system. In particular, the batch parameter values are used to model both adsorbent and photocatalyst behavior for continuous operation in typical residential home challenges. Design variables, including realistic make-up air fraction, adsorbent honeycomb rotation speed, and formaldehyde source emission rate, are considered to evaluate the ability of the system to achieve World Health Organization pollutant guidelines. In all circumstances, the size of the required rotating adsorbent bed and photoreactor for single-stage operation and the resultant formaldehyde concentration in the home are calculated. The ability of how well such a system might be accommodated within the typical dimensions of commercial ventilation ducts is also considered.     

Importance of Sediment–Water Interactions in Coeur d’Alene Lake,Idaho, USA: Management Implications

A field study at Coeur dAlene Lake, Idaho, USA, was conducted between October 1998 and August 2001 to examine the potential importance of sediment–water interactions on contaminant transport and to provide the first direct measurements of the benthic flux of dissolved solutes of environmental concern in this lake. Because of potential ecological effects, dissolved zinc and orthophosphate were the solutes of primary interest. Results from deployments of an in situ flux chamber indicated that benthic fluxes of dissolved Zn and orthophosphate were comparable in magnitude to riverine inputs. Tracer analyses and benthic-community metrics provided evidence that solute benthic flux were diffusion-controlled at the flux-chamber deployment sites. That is, effects of biomixing (or bioturbation) and ground-water interactions did not strongly influence benthic flux. Remediation efforts in the river might not produce desired water-quality effects in the lake because imposed shifts in concentration gradients near the sediment–water interface would generate a benthic feedback response. Therefore, development of water-quality models to justify remediation strategies requires consideration of contaminant flux between the water column and underlying sediment in basins that have been affected by long-term (decadal) anthropogenic activities.     

Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta

In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids(PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids(PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids(PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters(di PAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs(≥ 11 carbons) and PFSAs(≥ 10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order:Yangtze river(191 ng/L) ≈ Taihu lake(189 ng/L) Huangpu river(122 ng/L) ≈ Qiantang river(120 ng/L) Jiaxing urban river(100 ng/L). Strong significant(p 0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.     

The effects of autophagy on vascular endothelial cells induced by airborne PM2.5

The purpose of this study was to examine the direct toxicity of PM2.5 collected from Beijing on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC). A Cell Counting Kit 8(CCK8) assay demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure decreased the proliferation of HUVECs in a dosedependent manner. We also found that PM2.5 exposure induced autophagy in HUVECs, as evidenced by:(1) an increased number of double-membrane vesicles;(2) enhanced conversion and punctuation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3); and(3) decreased levels of the selective autophagy substrate p62 in a time-dependent manner.Furthermore, promoting autophagy in PM2.5-exposed HUVECs with rapamycin increased the cell survival rate, whereas inhibiting autophagy via 3-methyladenine significantly decreased cell survival. These results demonstrate that PM2.5 exposure can induce cytotoxicity and autophagy in HUVECs and that autophagy play a protective role against PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity. The findings of the present study imply a direct toxic effect of PM2.5 on HUVECs and provide novel insight into the mechanism of cardiovascular diseases caused by PM2.5 exposure.     

扬州市不同行政区域空气重金属污染评价

采用活藓监测法,选择广泛分布的小羽藓为材料,对扬州市区、高邮市、仪征市、宝应县4个区域空气中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg 7种重金属元素污染情况进行监测.利用污染因子分析法、内梅罗综合指数分析法及重金属污染潜在生态风险评价法对不同区域空气重金属危害等级进行评价.结果表明:Zn、Pb、Cd元素主要污染地区为扬州市区,Cu元素主要污染地区为仪征市,Ni、Hg元素主要污染地区为宝应县,Cr元素主要污染地区为高邮市.4个区域空气重金属均处于重度污染水平,存在强生态风险.就整体而言,7种重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Hg为主要污染元素,污染情况最为严重,而Cu、Ni污染程度相对较轻.区域间空气重金属污染特征差别显著,制造业与港口航运发达的南部仪征市、江都区等地比以农业为主的北部宝应县污染重,污染程度由高到低为扬州市区仪征市高邮市宝应县.     

微污染饮用水生物过滤影响因素的研究

通过试验探讨了过滤介质、空床接触时间、水温和反冲洗方式对生物过滤去除有机物的影响。试验结果表明 :活性炭、石英砂组成的双层滤料生物滤池对高锰酸盐指数、UV2 5 4的去除效果比无烟煤、石英砂组成的双层滤料滤池和单层石英砂滤料滤池好 ;在一定的范围内 ,随着接触时间或水温的增加 ,各滤柱对高锰酸盐指数的去除率增加 ;加氯水反冲洗方式对生物滤池去除高锰酸盐指数、UV2 5 4的影响比未加氯水反冲洗方式大     

基于在线观测本地因子的长三角家禽养殖氨排放时空分布特征

为获取长三角地区家禽养殖氨排放因子和时空分布特征,通过在线高分辨率监测系统对典型规模化蛋鸡养殖场棚舍养殖和粪便堆肥环节的氨浓度进行连续监测,获取不同季节、不同生长阶段的氨浓度和排放因子,并建立基于本地化排放因子的长三角家禽养殖氨排放清单.结果表明,棚舍养殖和粪便堆肥环节春夏秋冬4个季节ρ（NH₃）日均值分别为：（1.85±0.38）、（4.58±0.33）、（3.87±0.12）、（2.83±0.47）mg·m^-3和（2.04±0.50）、（4.04±1.04）、（2.51±0.67）、（1.55±0.16）mg·m^-3,氨浓度呈显著的日小时变化趋势,养殖棚舍春夏秋冬小时ρ（NH₃）最大值出现在中午13:00～14:00,最小值出现在凌晨01:00～03:00,粪便堆肥环节夏秋季节的小时ρ（NH₃）最大值出现在16:00～19:00,春冬季的日小时变化过程则不明显;氨日小时浓度变化主要受日温度变化、畜禽活动和清粪管理等因素影响.蛋鸡不同生长阶段的氨浓度呈显著差异,青年鸡、产蛋鸡...