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181.
Linderholm L Park JS Kocan A Trnovec T Athanasiadou M Bergman K Hertz-Picciotto I 《Chemosphere》2007,69(3):403-410
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were commercially produced between 1959 and 1984 in eastern Slovakia. Improper handling led to a highly contaminated local environment and high levels of PCBs in humans and wildlife in the Michalovce area. The aim of this study was to analyse serum for methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCB (MeSO(2)-PCBs) and DDE (3-MeSO(2)-DDE) in serum samples from pregnant women and in a selected number of paired cord blood samples to assess maternal sulfone levels and patterns, and transplacental transfer of these metabolites. The donating women were from two districts in eastern Slovakia. A liquid-liquid extraction method together with separation of substance groups and further clean-up on silica gel columns were applied prior to analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 3-MeSO(2)-DDE was the major methyl sulfone in most of the samples followed by a yet not identified MeSO(2)-hexaCB, 4'-MeSO(2)-CB101, 4'-MeSO(2)-CB87 and 4-MeSO(2)-CB149. The women from the contaminated area had three times higher concentrations of the MeSO(2)-PCBs than women from the reference area. This is the first report on methyl sulfone metabolites of PCB and DDE in human cord serum. It is shown that these metabolites are transported through the placenta. The levels of MeSO(2)-PCBs in the maternal serum were about 1.5 times higher than in the corresponding cord serum on a lipid weight basis. For 3-MeSO(2)-DDE, the levels were about the same in maternal and cord serum. The difference in the maternal:cord ratio, comparing MeSO(2)-PCBs with 3-MeSO(2)-DDE might be due to differences in transport through the placenta caused by their different affinities for lipoproteins and plasma proteins. 相似文献
182.
In this study, several existing municipal solid waste (MSW) settlement estimation methods are reviewed and applied to analyze the settlement data of nine MSW landfills. Because a biodegradation-related settlement contributes differently to a long-term total settlement depending on the age of landfills, the actual MSW landfill sites are classified into three groups to specifically address the validity of each method in its prediction of a long-term settlement for each age category. Results demonstrate that there are considerable decreases in predicted settlement potentials as fill age increases. Comparisons indicate that the individual estimation methods display a considerable variation in predicting settlements in the fresh MSW landfills. On the other hand, for the old refuse landfills, all of the estimation methods, except the extended soil model, predict low settlement potentials. 相似文献
183.
Park GS 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,135(1-3):153-162
Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of total suspended solids (TSS) in the shallow and macrotidal regions of the Korean
peninsula indicated there were significant changes in TSS concentrations. These were seasonally influenced by the wind, river
input and tidal cycle. There were high TSS values at estuarine and river mouth stations and during low tide due to the re-suspension
of bottom sediment by strong wind action during winter months, in addition the land input through rivers and strong tidal
current during ebbing. Monthly mean values of TSS significantly correlated with wind speed and nitrate concentration (p < 0.01). This indicated that the resuspension of surface sediment was a more important source of TSS than the river input,
and that nitrate was introduced into the water column during the resuspension process. TSS were seven times higher at low
tide than in high tide. Light penetration was significantly inhibited by TSS; as >98% of incident light was absorbed within
2 m and zero photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under 2 m in the estuarine stations during winter. Removal of heavy
metals and nutrients by TSS in the water column was evident. Over 80% of the initial concentration of nutrients was removed
within 10 min under various concentrations of TSS and also TSS contained significantly higher concentration of heavy metals
than surface sediment. The concentration levels of nutrients and chemical oxygen demand in the west coast were comparable
with the East and South Sea, even the major rivers in the Korean peninsula flow into the West Sea with major pollutant loadings
into the coastal areas. High concentration of TSS is likely to contribute to the removal process of these pollutants, resulting
in relatively lower levels of nutrients and organic materials in these coastal waters. 相似文献
184.
Gordon Purvis Geertrui Louwagie Greg Northey Simon Mortimer Julian Park Alice Mauchline John Finn Jørgen Primdahl Henrik Vejre Jens Peter Vesterager Karlheinz Knickel Nadia Kasperczyk Katalin Balázs George Vlahos Stamatios Christopoulos Jukka Peltola 《Environmental Science & Policy》2009,12(3):321-337
An aggregated farm-level index, the Agri-environmental Footprint Index (AFI), based on multiple criteria methods and representing a harmonised approach to evaluation of EU agri-environmental schemes is described. The Index uses a common framework for the design and evaluation of policy that can be customised to locally relevant agri-environmental issues and circumstances. Evaluation can be strictly policy-focused, or broader and more holistic in that context-relevant assessment criteria that are not necessarily considered in the evaluated policy can nevertheless be incorporated. The Index structure is flexible, and can respond to diverse local needs. The process of Index construction is interactive, engaging farmers and other relevant stakeholders in a transparent decision-making process that can ensure acceptance of the outcome, help to forge an improved understanding of local agri-environmental priorities and potentially increase awareness of the critical role of farmers in environmental management. The structure of the AFI facilitates post-evaluation analysis of relative performance in different dimensions of the agri-environment, permitting identification of current strengths and weaknesses, and enabling future improvement in policy design. Quantification of the environmental impact of agriculture beyond the stated aims of policy using an ‘unweighted’ form of the AFI has potential as the basis of an ongoing system of environmental audit within a specified agricultural context. 相似文献
185.
186.
Management status of end-of-life vehicles and characteristics of automobile shredder residues in Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kim KH Joung HT Nam H Seo YC Hee Hong J Yoo TW Lim BS Park JH 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2004,24(6):533-540
An end-of-life vehicle (ELV) is dismantled to recover and recycle any re-usable parts, then shipped to the shredding facility for further recovery of iron with any remaining Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) to be considered as wastes and to be disposed of by either thermal treatment or landfill. Overall ELVs management status in Korea, including recycling resulting from the dismantling processes, was surveyed using some questionnaires given to dismantlers and other available information to provide some feasible means for future treatment. The averaged recycle rate in the dismantling stage showed a value of 44% and the rest of an ELV was then compressed and transported to shredding companies to recover mainly the iron content which averaged 38.7% of the mass of a new vehicle. The non-ferrous metals such as copper, antimony, zinc and aluminum accounted for only 1.5%. The Shredder dusts (SDs) were found to be composed of light and heavy fluffs and soil/dust and amounted to 15.8% based on the mass of a new vehicle. Dumping of fluff and inorganic residues into a landfill site, however, will be restricted when new regulations are implemented to reduce the disposal amount to less than 5% of a new car as done in European countries and Japan. The detailed characteristics of SDs were investigated to provide an idea of how to treat them in order to meet a future expected enforcement. 相似文献
187.
Soils contaminated from military operations often contain mixtures of HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine), and TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) rather than a single explosive. Differences among explosives in solubility and reactivity make developing a single remediation treatment difficult. When Fe(0) was used to treat a munitions-contaminated soil, we observed high rates of destruction for RDX and TNT (98%) but not HMX. Our objective was to determine if HMX destruction by Fe(0) could be enhanced by increasing HMX solubility by physical (temperature) or chemical (surfactants) means. To determine electron acceptor preference, we treated RDX and HMX with Fe(0) in homogeneous solutions and binary mixtures. Increasing aqueous temperature (20 to 55 degrees C) increased HMX solubility (2 to 22 mg L(-1)) but did not increase destruction by Fe(0) in a contaminated soil slurry that also contained RDX and TNT. Batch experiments using equal molar concentrations of RDX and HMX demonstrated that RDX was preferentially reduced over HMX by Fe(0). By testing various surfactants, we found that the cationic surfactants (HDTMA [hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide], didecyl, and didodecyl) were most effective in increasing HMX concentration in solution. Didecyl and HDTMA were also found to be highly effective in facilitating the transformation of HMX by Fe(0). Using HDTMA or didecyl solutions (3%, w/v) containing solid-phase HMX, we observed that 100% of the added HMX was transformed by Fe(0) in the didecyl matrix and 60% in the HDTMA matrix. These results indicate that cationic surfactants can increase HMX solubility and facilitate Fe(0)-mediated transformation kinetics but HMX destruction rates will be slowed when RDX is present. 相似文献
188.
Both natural organic matter (NOM) and surfactants are known to enhance the apparent aqueous solubility of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in aqueous systems. In this study, the combined effect of NOM and surfactants on enhancing the solubility of HOCs was investigated, since both may occur and affect the fate and transport of HOCs in natural aqueous environments. Experimental results indicated that the apparent solubility of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene in NOM and anionic surfactant solution was lower than their solubility in NOM solution alone. However, the apparent solubility of an HOC in NOM and nonionic surfactant solution is almost the same as the sum of the HOC's solubility in NOM solution plus its solubility in nonionic surfactant solution. The observation that apparent aqueous solubility of HOCs in NOM and anionic surfactant solution is decreased is probably due to the fact that the cations that are released when the anionic surfactant dissociates may form ion pairs with acidic or phenolic groups associated with the NOM. This serves to increase the size of hydration of these groups, thereby decreasing the effective size of the nonpolar moieties associated with the NOM, and thus decreasing hydrophobic partitioning of the HOCs into the NOM. The results presented here will help us to understand the effect of NOM and surfactants on the fate and transport of HOCs in aquatic systems. 相似文献
189.
The objective of this research is to develop a desirable type III environmental declaration format for the industrial consumer.
A total of five different scenarios were chosen for the presentation of life-cycle assessment results in a format that meets
the requirements of a type III environmental declaration. Life-cycle assessment of an electronic component was performed for
this purpose. Environmentally significant impact categories and input/output items of a product system derived from the life-cycle
assessment are presented in this format. Presenting these information concisely in a standardized format would accelerate
the communication of environmental aspects of materials and components in a product supply chain. Thus the type III environmental
declaration can be a useful instrument for the manufacturing of an ecoproduct. 相似文献
190.