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41.
Pet Waste Management by Chemical Recycling: A Review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vijaykumar Sinha Mayank R. Patel Jigar V. Patel 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2010,18(1):8-25
The paper reviews the problem due to the use and disposal of synthetic polymers to the environment and its solutions; in particular
poly (ethylene terphthalate). Wide spread application and non-biodegradability of the PET creates huge amounts of waste and
disposal, tend to a serious problem. The most important cause for recycling and reprocessing the waste PET has arisen from
the awareness and concern for environmental pollution. To manage this various methods of polymer recycling has been proposed.
Among them chemical recycling, i.e. hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis and aminolysis are reviewed in detail. Appropriate
technology and waste disposal procedures based on the socio-economic aspect to solve this problem are suggested. 相似文献
42.
Jung KH Patel MM Moors K Kinney PL Chillrud SN Whyatt R Hoepner L Garfinkel R Yan B Ross J Camann D Perera FP Miller RL 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(36):4545-4552
Exposure to air pollutants has been associated with adverse health effects. However, analyses of the effects of season and ambient parameters such as ozone have not been fully conducted. Residential indoor and outdoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), black carbon (measured as absorption coefficient [Abs]), and fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM)(2.5) were measured over two-weeks in a cohort of 5-6 year old children (n=334) living in New York City's Northern Manhattan and the Bronx between October 2005 and April 2010. The objectives were to: 1) characterize seasonal changes in indoor and outdoor levels and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of PAH (gas + particulate phase; dichotomized into Σ(8)PAH(semivolatile) (MW 178-206), and Σ(8)PAH(nonvolatile) (MW 228-278)), Abs, and PM(2.5); and 2) assess the relationship between PAH and ozone. Results showed that heating compared to nonheating season was associated with greater Σ(8)PAH(nonvolatile) (p<0.001) and Abs (p<0.05), and lower levels of Σ(8)PAH(semivolatile) (p<0.001). In addition, the heating season was associated with lower I/O ratios of Σ(8)PAH(nonvolatile) and higher I/O ratios of Σ(8)PAH(semivolatile) (p<0.001) compared to the nonheating season. In outdoor air, Σ(8)PAH(nonvolatile) was correlated negatively with community-wide ozone concentration (p<0.001). Seasonal changes in emission sources, air exchanges, meteorological conditions and photochemical/chemical degradation reactions are discussed in relationship to the observed seasonal trends. 相似文献
43.
Quick BL Stephenson MT Witte K Vaught C Booth-Butterfield S Patel D 《Journal of Safety Research》2008,39(3):329-338
PROBLEM: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's [NIOSH] National Occupational Research Agenda (DHHS Publication No. 96-115) reports that approximately 50% of miners will experience hearing loss by age 50, compared to only 9% of the general population. The present investigation examines three antecedents believed to be associated with miner's use of hearing protection. METHOD: A posttest-delayed-posttest-control group field research design was employed to assess antecedents toward wearing hearing protection. RESULTS: Following the initial posttest, miners' attitudes and subjective norms were antecedents to intentions to wear hearing protection devices. Also, intentions toward wearing hearing protection predicted hearing protection behaviors. Approximately six weeks later, miners' attitudes and perceived behavioral control were each significant predictors of intentions to wear hearing protection and again, intentions were positively associated with hearing protection behaviors. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Our results indicate that appeals to normative influences may be the most effective antecedent to employ when persuading coal miners to wear hearing protection. However, messages designed to impact attitudes and perceived behavioral control were also effective. 相似文献
44.
45.
Stephenson MT Witte K Vaught C Quick BL Booth-Butterfield S Patel D Zuckerman C 《Journal of Safety Research》2005,36(1):9-17
INTRODUCTION: This longitudinal field study was designed to encourage Appalachian coal miners in West Virginia and Pennsylvania to engage in hearing-protection behaviors. METHOD: Participants were mailed postcards that featured either a positive, negative, or neutral message on the outside of the postcard and a message encouraging hearing protection behaviors on the inside. The first posttest measurement of the effectiveness of the persuasive messages was conducted about a week after the postcards were mailed. The delayed posttest measurement was conducted six weeks later. RESULTS: Responses from 307 coal miners revealed that the positive or neutral messages generated significantly more self-reported hearing protection behaviors than the negative message. Identical results were obtained in a delayed posttest assessment of miners' self-reported hearing protection behaviors. The positive message was also more effective than either the neutral or negative message in preventing defensive mechanisms from emerging over time. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Positive and neutral messages were convincingly more successful than negative messages in facilitating self-reported hearing protection behaviors among coal miners. Similarly, the positive messages kept defensive processes at bay. 相似文献
46.
Surendra J. Patel 《Resources Policy》1978,4(2):126-134
This paper reviews the broad pattern of energy use, output and consumption. The voracious consumption of non-renewable energy resources by the developed countries could exhaust this asset just when the accelerated development of the Third World would begin to gather momentum, thus denying them for their own use what is primarily their major resource. The paper underlines the critical importance of cooperative policies aimed at collective self-reliance of the Third World to ensure adequate availability of energy for its development. 相似文献
47.
The lysosomal marker enzymes, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase, in a tropical burrowing arcid clam Anadara granosa L. have been found to exhibit seasonal variations. The activity of both enzymes decreased with increase in ambient temperature and fell with increase in salinity. Lysosomal latency for these enzymes, however, was not significantly affected by environmental parameters, including salinity, temperature, nutritional status, breeding season, etc. The physico-chemical characteristics of the habitat were found to induce reversible changes in the lysosomal latency and enzyme activity. Exposure to elevated temperature (T=7° to 8°C), towards the upper limit of its physiological tolerance, was found to labilize the lysosomes. The biochemical methods optimized for the demonstration of lysosomal stability under exposure to environmental stressors could also be extended to quantify the impact of various pollutants, including heavy metals, radionuclides, etc. at the subcellular level. 相似文献
48.
Changes in vital physiological activities — shell movements and burrowing behaviour, uptake and depuration, filtration and respiration — on exposure to sublethal concentrations of naphthalene (Nap) were investigated in the tropical arcid blood clam Anadara granosa L. from the Bombay coast in 1986. On exposure to ambient concentrations exceeding 5g Nap ml-1, shell valves opened widely within the first hour of exposure. The compressed muscular foot was stretched vertically upwards with copious secretion of mucus, and did not exhibit any evidence of burrowing behaviour. Those exposed to 5g Nap ml-1 regained their normal physiological activities on transfer to stressor-free medium, whereas those exposed to higher levels became intoxicated and narcotized. Bioaccumulation of Nap was dependent upon environmental concentration, increasing exponentially with time over a 9h exposure period. Further exposure, up to 96h, however, did not increase tissue levels substantially. About 65% of the total body burden of Nap was depurated within 3h of transfer to Nap-free medium. Rates of filtration and oxygen consumption were significantly reduced (ca 70%, p<0.001) compared to control clams. Percent inhibition in these physiological activities was dependent upon tissue and ambient concentrations of Nap. On transfer to pollutant-free medium, clams exhibited remarkable recovery. Rates of both filtration and oxygen consumption were gradually increased and restored to normal levels, as observed in controls. However, clams exposed to upper limits lost their ability to burrow back into the sedimentary bed, leaving them susceptable to predators. Furthermore, induction of anaerobiosis and disruption of osmotic balance on exposure to Nap together with aerial exposure at low-water periods and salinity changes, acted synergistically and proved detrimental. The rates of growth and mortality observed in the natural population of blood clams, harvested from the coastal waters off Bombay, have been explained in terms of the impact of petroleum and allied waste products released from petrochemical industries. 相似文献
49.
In vertebrates haematological parameters are of considerable importance in the diagnosis of pathological disorders due to pollutants. Similar haematological studies in invertebrates are lacking. This is partly because a very few species have erythrocytes; arcid clams, however, are unique in having erythrocytes. Our experiments were designed therefore to evaluate the effect of naphthalene (N) on haematological parameters in the tropical arcid blood clam Anadara granosa L. The parameter studied were haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), haematocrit, erythrocyte fragility, haemolymph cations, free amino acids and osmolality. On exposure to naphthalene (N) in the sublethal range (5 to 15 g ml-1) Hb content decreased appreciably (P<0.001) compared with controls. Although ESR increased significantly (P<0.001), haematocrit decreased by 17 to 37%. Treatment with N for 96 h increased erythrocyte fragility and haemolysis; the latter by more than 40%. Both inorganic phosphate and free fatty acids increased with ambient concentration of N. Haemolymph cations — K, Ca and Mg increased significantly in relation to control. Na decreased, but not significantly. Free amino acids decreased significantly (P<0.001) with the ambient concentration of naphthalene, but haemolymph osmolality was not effected. 相似文献
50.
Decentralised composting of urban waste--an overview of community and private initiatives in Indian cities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zurbrügg C Drescher S Patel A Sharatchandra HC 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2004,24(7):655-662
The national waste legislation, introduced in India in 2000, endorses the principle of "Recycle Before Disposal" and clearly stipulates composting as an option for organic waste treatment. It also recommends waste separation as prerequisite for treatment. Although various composting schemes of different scale, type and organisational structure currently exist in the country, a general overview is lacking and very little independent site-specific information is available. This paper presents the results of a study assessing 17 decentralised systems from the cities of Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, and Mumbai. The schemes were classified according to their organisational setup into: (1) citizens' and community initiatives; (2) business and institution initiatives operating on their premises; and (3) small and medium-size private sector initiatives. These categories also coincide with different operational scales. Community initiatives have developed from unreliable collection services, and composting emerged mainly as a spin-off activity from the collection system to reduce waste delivery to the communal containers emptied by the municipal services. The potential to launch and sustain decentralised composting schemes is dependent on the municipal provision of adequate space. This paper summarises further key issues pertaining to the assessed schemes and reveals overall deficiencies in the field of accounting and transparency, composting technique and marketing, as well as municipal authority involvement. 相似文献