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61.
62.
Many environmental systems and infrastructure systems are monitored using a set of indicator values that assess several aspects
of site condition. The values of different indicators often convey different comparative messages for the study sites. The
comparability between sites is analyzed within the theory of partially-ordered sets and visualized with Hasse diagrams. This
paper demonstrates that properties of partially-ordered sets and the conversion of indicator scores into a rank matrix provide
a manager or decision-maker with valuable information that would be lost if the monitored indicator data were aggregated only
into a single index. Stream stability assessment data from 49 bridge crossing sites in the United States are used to demonstrate
these techniques in prioritization and identification of restoration and maintenance needs of stream channels at bridge crossings. 相似文献
63.
Luiz Duczmal Ricardo Tavares Ganapati Patil André L. F. Cançado 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2010,17(2):183-202
We propose a novel tool for testing hypotheses concerning the adequacy of environmentally defined factors for local clustering
of diseases, through the comparative evaluation of the significance of the most likely clusters detected under maps whose
neighborhood structures were modified according to those factors. A multi-objective genetic algorithm scan statistic is employed
for finding spatial clusters in a map divided in a finite number of regions, whose adjacency is defined by a graph structure.
This cluster finder maximizes two objectives, the spatial scan statistic and the regularity of cluster shape. Instead of specifying
locations for the possible clusters a priori, as is currently done for cluster finders based on focused algorithms, we alter
the usual adjacency induced by the common geographical boundary between regions. In our approach, the connectivity between
regions is reinforced or weakened, according to certain environmental features of interest associated with the map. We build
various plausible scenarios, each time modifying the adjacency structure on specific geographic areas in the map, and run
the multi-objective genetic algorithm for selecting the best cluster solutions for each one of the selected scenarios. The
statistical significances of the most likely clusters are estimated through Monte Carlo simulations. The clusters with the
lowest estimated p-values, along with their corresponding maps of enhanced environmental features, are displayed for comparative analysis. Therefore
the probability of cluster detection is increased or decreased, according to changes made in the adjacency graph structure,
related to the selection of environmental features. The eventual identification of the specific environmental conditions which
induce the most significant clusters enables the practitioner to accept or reject different hypotheses concerning the relevance
of geographical factors. Numerical simulation studies and an application for malaria clusters in Brazil are presented. 相似文献
64.
Since the last few decades, terrestrial diversity is found to be under stress due to the contamination by various chemicals and gases of aquatic and agricultural media. The bioaccumulation of these compounds at certain concentrations in different tissues produces histopathological changes leading to behavioral changes in target animals. This study focused on terrestrial molluscan slug, Semperula maculata, against lethal concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2). Bioaccumulation of Hg was highest in ovotestis, while lowest in the molluscan penis. Histopathological changes were observed in the cellular arrangement of reproductive organs. Alterations in the penis and the dart gland included dilated unicellular, multicellular glands, and muscular dystrophy, dilated peripheral glandular cells, respectively; dilation being maximal in the prostate gland. Ovotestis showed depleted number of gametocytes. Vacoulized pre-vitellogenic oocytes with early vitellogenic oocytes were noted under light microscopy. Mercury produced toxicity on secretory functions and lowered the rate of reproduction in animals. Evidence indicates that Hg produced gamete degeneration, impacted reproductive capacity and survival of this species in the ecosystem. 相似文献
65.
Patil Akshata G. Poornachandra S. Gumageri Ramesh Rajkumar K. Anandhan S. 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(2):870-883
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This paper outlines the preparation and characterization of chitosan (CS) composites reinforced with mechano-chemically activated fly ash (MCA-FA).... 相似文献
66.
Ranked set sampling (RSS) is a sampling procedure that has been shown to provide more efficient procedures than simple random sampling, in particular the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon (MWW) statistic and the empirical distribution function (EDF). We briefly review the work of Bohn (1992) and Stokes and Sager (1988) on the effect of imperfect ranking on the RSS-based MWW test and on the RSS-based EDF, respectively. We propose a model for a ranking error probability matrix which we hope will become a useful tool for evaluating RSS-based statistical procedures 相似文献
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69.
Health-care waste management in India is receiving greater attention due to recent regulations (the Biomedical Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998). The prevailing situation is analysed covering various issues like quantities and proportion of different constituents of wastes, handling, treatment and disposal methods in various health-care units (HCUs). The waste generation rate ranges between 0.5 and 2.0 kg bed-1 day-1. It is estimated that annually about 0.33 million tonnes of waste are generated in India. The solid waste from the hospitals consists of bandages, linen and other infectious waste (30-35%), plastics (7-10%), disposable syringes (0.3-0.5%), glass (3-5%) and other general wastes including food (40-45%). In general, the wastes are collected in a mixed form, transported and disposed of along with municipal solid wastes. At many places, authorities are failing to install appropriate systems for a variety of reasons, such as non-availability of appropriate technologies, inadequate financial resources and absence of professional training on waste management. Hazards associated with health-care waste management and shortcomings in the existing system are identified. The rules for management and handling of biomedical wastes are summarised, giving the categories of different wastes, suggested storage containers including colour-coding and treatment options. Existing and proposed systems of health-care waste management are described. A waste-management plan for health-care establishments is also proposed, which includes institutional arrangements, appropriate technologies, operational plans, financial management and the drawing up of appropriate staff training programmes. 相似文献
70.
N. V. Phirke R. P. Patil S. B. Chincholkar R. M. Kothari 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2001,31(4)
Banana pseudostem biomass, traditionally incinerated and wasted, has been conserved and recycled by solid state fermentation (SSF) into plant growth stimulating soil conditioner (SC). This SC alone or combined with biofertilizers showed reduced mortality (10 and 12%) of planted suckers, enhanced chlorophyll contents (593 and 661 μg g−1), gave biomass (35.0 and 36.6 kg) at par and improved yield (54.2 and 55.0 MT ha−1), with that of the control (23%, 312 μg g−1, 36.3 kg and 49.4 MT ha−1, respectively). This has afforded (i) saving of chemical fertilizers by 50%, (ii) reduction in quantum (40%) and frequency (15%) of irrigation and (iii) reduction in cost of electricity and labor without sacrificing quality and quantity of banana. Thus, a voluminous agro-waste is converted into an eco-friendly agro-input for sustainable productivity. 相似文献