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Cheng W Yagi K Akiyama H Nishimura S Sudo S Fumoto T Hasegawa T Hartley AE Megonigal JP 《Journal of environmental quality》2007,36(6):1920-1925
To understand which soil chemical properties are the best predictors of CH4 production in rice paddy soils, a model was developed with empirical data from nine types of rice soils collected around Japan and anaerobically incubated at 30 degrees C for 16 wk in laboratory conditions. After 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 wk of incubation, CO2, CH4, and Fe(II) were measured to understand soil organic matter decomposition and iron (Fe) reduction. Available N (N ava) was also measured at the end of incubation. The results showed that decomposable C and reducible Fe are two key parameters that regulate soil CH(4) production (P CH4). There was a significant relationship between decomposable C and available N (N ava) (r2 = 0.975**). Except for a sandy soil sample, a significant relationship between total Fe (Fe total) and reducible Fe was found. From this experiment, a simple model of soil CH4 production was developed: P CH4 = 1.593N(ava) - 2.460Fe total/1000 (each unit was mg kg(-1) soil). After simulated CH4 production by two soil chemical properties as above, there was a significant consistency between model simulation and actual measurement (r2 = 0.831**). 相似文献
54.
Rebecca J. McLain Patrick T. Hurley Marla R. Emery Melissa R. Poe 《Local Environment》2014,19(2):220-240
Recent “green” planning initiatives envision food production, including urban agriculture and livestock production, as desirable elements of sustainable cities. We use an integrated urban political ecology and human–plant geographies framework to explore how foraging for “wild” foods in cities, a subversive practice that challenges prevailing views about the roles of humans in urban green spaces, has potential to also support sustainability goals. Drawing on research from Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, and Seattle, we show that foraging is a vibrant and ongoing practice among diverse urban residents in the USA. At the same time, as reflected in regulations, planning practices, and attitudes of conservation practitioners, it is conceptualised as out of place in urban landscapes and an activity to be discouraged. We discuss how paying attention to urban foraging spaces and practices can strengthen green space planning and summarise opportunities for and challenges associated with including foragers and their concerns. 相似文献
55.
Anne Christine Knag Marion Sebire Ian Mayer Sonnich Meier Patrick Renner Ioanna Katsiadaki 《Chemosphere》2013
Oil pollution from various sources, including exploration, production and transportation, is a growing global concern. The highest toxicity of hydrocarbon pollutants is associated with the water-soluble phase compounds, including naphthenic acids, a known component found in all hydrocarbon deposits. Recently, naphthenic acids (NAs) have shown estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects in vitro. For this reason we investigated the potential effects of two commercial mixtures of naphthenic acids on fish in vivo, using the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model species. 相似文献
56.
Kelly O. Maloney Donald E. Weller Daniel E. Michaelson Patrick J. Ciccotto 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2013,18(1):1-12
Species distribution models (SDMs) are often used in conservation planning, but their utility can be improved by assessing the relationships between environmental and species response variables. We constructed SDMs for 30 stream fishes of Maryland, USA, using watershed attributes as environmental variables and presence/absence as species responses. SDMs showed substantial agreement between observed and predicted values for 17 species. Most important variables were natural attributes (e.g., ecoregion, watershed area, latitude/longitude); land cover (e.g., %impervious, %row crop) was important for three species. Focused analyses on four representative species (central stoneroller, creek chub, largemouth bass, and white sucker) showed the probability of presence of each species increased non-linearly with watershed area. For these species, SDMs built to predict absent, low, and high densities were similar to presence/absence predictions but provided probable locations of high densities (e.g., probability of high-density creek chub decreased rapidly with watershed area). We applied SDMs to predict suitability of watersheds within the study area for each species. Maps of suitability and the environmental and species response relationships can help develop better management plans. 相似文献
57.
Emmanuel Doelsch Armand Masion Patrick Cazevieille Nicolas Condom 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(6):1929-1935
Mineralization potentials are often used to classify organic wastes. These methods involve measuring CO2 production during batch experiments, so variations in chemical compounds are not addressed. Moreover, the physicochemical conditions are not monitored during the reactions. The present study was designed to address these deficiencies. Incubations of a mixture of soil and waste (vinasse at 20% dry matter from a fermentation industry) were conducted in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and liquid samples obtained by centrifugation were collected at 2 h, 1 d and 28 d. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) patterns highlighted that: there was a “soil effect” which increased organic matter (OM) degradation in all conditions compared to vinasse incubated alone; and OM degradation was faster under aerobic conditions since 500 mg kg?1 of C remained after aerobic incubation, as compared to 4000 mg kg?1 at the end of the anaerobic incubation period. No changes were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) between 2 h and 1 d incubation. At 28 days incubation, the FTIR signal of the aerobic samples was deeply modified, thus confirming the high OM degradation. Under anaerobic conditions, the main polysaccharide contributions (ν(C–O)) disappeared at 1000 and 1200 cm?1, as also confirmed by the 13C NMR findings. Under aerobic incubation, a 50% decrease in the polysaccharide proportion was observed. Under anaerobic conditions, significant chemical modifications of the organic fraction were detected, namely formation of low molecular weight organic acids. 相似文献
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59.
Patrick C. Mann John L. Mikesell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(5):1301-1307
ABSTRACT: Several factors theoretically affect the cost behavior of water systems. These factors include scale, consumer density, and per capita usage. This analysis examines the several possible influences on the unit costs of water service. The statistical analyses indicate that among the factors of scale, per capita use, and consumer density, only the first two factors are important influences on water system costs. Water consumers appear to benefit from being served by large systems and being located in service areas characterized by relatively high per capita consumption. There is little statistical evidence indicating that more dense areas can be provided water service at lower costs than less dense areas. 相似文献
60.
Patrick Whitehead K.G. Willis Tim Marshall Susan Ball David Higdon 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1988,31(1):61-64
The Garden City Utopia
Robert Beevers. The Macmillan Press, 1988. £27.50. 206 pages.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis in Urban and Regional Planning
J. A. Schofield. Allen and Unwin, London, 1987. 249 pages. £30 hardback.
The Milton Park Affair — Canada's largest citizen‐developer confrontation
Claire Helman. Véhicule Press, Montréal, 1987. $12.95.
Regenerating the Inner City, Glasgow's Experience
Edited by David Donnison and Alan Middleton. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1987. £12.95.
Community Architecture
Nick Wates and Charles Knevitt. Penguin Books, London, 1987. £4.95. 相似文献