The market and shadow value of informal fish catch: a framework and application to Panama

Fisheries catches are known to be widely underreported, and much of their value flows in informal markets. Goods and services that are not directly sold in a market also have a corresponding economic value, here termed ‘shadow value’, which can apply to discarded fish—or those that are consumed but not sold (e.g., subsistence catches). Here, we estimate the monetary value of fisheries catches in Panama that are landed but not reported, or that are discarded at sea; this includes catches from artisanal and industrial fleets, as well as recreational and subsistence fisheries. Based on available data, we estimate that the market and shadow value of unreported catches in Panama in 2010 was around US$92 million, equal to approximately 43% of the total reported landed value. In the case of discarded fish, the shadow value represents the potential but entirely unrealized economic benefit of landing such fish; in the case of unreported landings, unreported market value represents only the first link in the potentially sophisticated informal seafood economy. One must be careful in considering these results for policy. It is possible that, rather than seeking to capture these ‘lost’ benefits, fish that are discarded or unreported should not have been caught at all, for example, if they are juveniles or of threatened species; conversely, unreported subsistence catches are crucial for food security throughout the world. These results help contextualize the scale of unreported fisheries in economic terms, and can inform subsequent policies and strategies to ensure social, ecological, and economic sustainability.     

化学科学研究与环境保护的机理相关性

环境问题已经引起世界各国政府和全社会的广泛关注。环境保护是利用环境科学的理论和方法,协调人类与自然环境的关系,以保护和改善环境的一切人类活动的总称。本文将首先分析由化学物质引起环境污染的案例,进而给出进行环境友好型的化学科学研究的方法及其重要性,以及通过化学科学的不断发展来解决业已存在的环境污染问题。     

灰色动态模型(GM)在黑龙江省污水总量预测中的应用

本文引入灰色系统理论,利用有限的时间序列,按照GM(1,1)建模方法,建立起黑龙江省污水总量长期预测模型。预测了公元2000年黑龙江省污水总量,取得了满意的结果。      

Combined application of chemical fertilizer with green manure increased the stabilization of organic carbon in the organo-mineral complexes of paddy soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The influence of the combined application of chemical fertilizer with green manure on the stabilization of organic carbon (C) was explored in the...     

不同截面抗滑桩的土拱效应对比研究∗

土拱效应是桩土作用理论研究的重要依据,但由于对不同截面形式抗滑桩的土拱效应作用机理研究较少,在抗滑桩设计中大多采用传统截面形式,考虑到传统矩形抗滑桩在形成土拱效应方面的不足,提出梯形截面优化抗滑桩截面形式。基于材料力学理论,利用轴向受压杆件的斜截面应力计算模型推导出梯形桩桩侧土拱拱脚受压区应力状态,并结合摩尔—库伦强度准则得出梯形桩桩侧极限承载力,通过算例对比分析梯形与矩形桩桩侧土拱极限承载力,结合数值模拟分析验证理论与计算结果。研究结果表明：梯形截面桩桩侧极限承载力相较于矩形截面有较为明显的提升,最大约为矩形桩的 2.5 倍;相同条件下梯形截面桩桩间土位移与剪应变增量更小,应力集中现象更明显,梯形截面桩对土拱效应的形成与发展更有利。     

辽河油田石油污染土壤的2阶段生物修复

建立了污染土壤预制床处理工程,对不同类型原油污染土壤分别进行堆腐处理,历时2个阶段,共运行210d.当稀油、稠油、特稠油和高凝油污染土壤中石油烃总量(TPH)为25.8～77.2g·kg^-1时,经过53d(为第1阶段)的运行,TPH去除率38.37%～56.74%.第2年(为第2阶段)继续处理156d,TPH降解率达到66.59%～80.96%.连续运行结果表明,污染土壤中易分解的石油烃污染物大部分在第1阶段得到降解,第二阶段降解率明显降低.     

太湖叶绿素a浓度分布的时空特征及其影响因素

基于2005—2009年20次太湖采样期间的水质监测数据,研究了太湖叶绿素a浓度的主要分布特征,分析了水环境因子对叶绿素a浓度分布的季节性和空间性影响.结果表明,太湖叶绿素a浓度分布的空间差异较大,主要表现为梅梁湾、竺山湾、太湖西部和西南部湖区为叶绿素a浓度距平经验正交分解(EOF)第一模态空间分布的显著正值区,太湖湖心和东南湖区则为负值区;影响叶绿素a浓度的因子有水温、溶解氧、总氮、磷酸根和总磷,但总磷和水温的影响相对更为显著,而各季节叶绿素a浓度的影响因子则略有差异;影响藻类生长的因子存在较大的空间分布差异,但总磷、水温和溶解氧是其主要限制性因子,氮类营养盐的影响则处于次要地位.     

山东省MODIS遥感植被指数时空变化研究

动态监测植被覆盖的时空演变,深入研究植被与气候变化和人类活动之间的响应关系,揭示区域环境状况的演变和变迁有着重要的现实意义。山东省植被覆盖率高,为了更好地了解自然因素和土地利用变化对山东地区植被的影响,研究利用MODIS-EVI、气象及城市化数据,通过分析2000—2008年7月月均EVI植被指数与月均温、降水及城市建成区面积之间的关系。得出如下结论:山东省的植被指数在其西部地区和南部地区值比较高;7月EVI指数与月平均气温存在相关系数r=-0.43的负相关关系,EVI指数与月降水间存在相关系数r=0.38的弱正相关关系,与城市建成区面积相关系数为0.30,表明山东地区植被指数的变化与气温的关联度要大于其与降水的关联度。此外,研究考虑了离海远近,将山东地区划为东部和西部地区。从地理位置来看,东部区域EVI值与降水之间的相关度普遍低于西部地区,而东部地区植被指数与气温的相关度要高于西部地区,东部地区在城市化进程加快的同时应更注意环境的保护与人工植被的种植。     

康苏风化煤对荒漠盐渍土的改良效果分析

通过盆栽试验比较了施用不同剂量的康苏风化煤(0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)对荒漠盐渍土改良的效果和对小麦生长的影响。结果表明,康苏风化煤能降低盐渍土壤的pH值,增加土壤中有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效磷等的含量;小麦根系长度、株高和地上部分的生物量均有增加,其中4%、6%风化煤处理区为最佳,其根系长度、根鲜重、干重、高生长、地上部分鲜重、干重依次比对照增加58%、74%、89%、60%、73%和77%;各处理中以施入4%、6%风化煤的改良及对小麦生长效果较好。     

Can Labor Out-Migration Reduce Firewood Consumption by Rural Households in Western Mountainous China

Abstract

The relationship between out-migration of labor in the Qinling mountain area and households’ firewood consumption is explored. Migration and remittances reduce households’ firewood consumption due to increases in both income and opportunity cost of firewood collection. Previous studies have been equivocal because they ignored uncertainty in household economy, which is widespread in forest areas of less developed countries. This study provides additional insight by considering vulnerability and subjective assessment of poverty generated by unstable income and an uncertain future. We provide evidence that the amount of firewood consumed depends on income and opportunity cost of firewood collection, but also on a prudent consumption strategy, due to farmers’ subjective assessment of their future possible poverty. We also find out-migration of labor can reduce per capita firewood consumption but subjective poverty also acts against reduction of firewood consumption.