Enhanced decomposition of NO on the alkalized PdO/Al2O3 catalyst

Experimentally, decomposition of NO on the alkalized Pd/Al2O3 catalyst is remarkably enhanced at 825-1000 K. The enhancement in N2 yield may be due to the additional basic sites on the alkalized catalyst that can trap NO molecules. However, at T > 1000 K, due to the fact that the absorbed oxygen in subsurface or bulk of Pd was involved in the formation and desorption of oxygen molecules, yield of oxygen was enhanced.     

Characterization of carbonaceous species of ambient PM2.5 in Beijing, China

One-week integrated fine particulate matter (i.e., particles <2.5 microm in diameter; PM2.5) samples were collected continuously with a low-flow rate sampler at a downtown site (Chegongzhuang) and a residential site (Tsinghua University) in Beijing between July 1999 and June 2000. The annual average concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) at the urban site were 23.9 and 8.8 microg m(-3), much higher than those in some cities with serious air pollution. Similar weekly variations of OC and EC concentrations were found for the two sampling sites with higher concentrations in the winter and autumn. The highest weekly variations of OC and EC occurred in the winter, suggesting that combustion sources for space heating were important contributors to carbonaceous particles, along with a significant impact from variable meteorological conditions. High emissions coupled with unfavorable meteorological conditions led to the max weekly carbonaceous concentration the week of November 18-25, 1999. The weekly mass ratios of OC:EC ranged between 2 and 4 for most samples and averaged 2.9, probably suggesting that secondary OC (SOC) is present most weeks. The range of contemporary carbon fraction, based on the C14 analyses of eight samples collected in 2001, is 0.330-0.479. Estimated SOC accounted for approximately 38% of the total OC at the two sites. Average OC and EC concentrations at Tsinghua University were 25% and 18%, respectively, higher than those at Chegongzhuang, which could be attributed to different local emissions of primary carbonaceous particles and gaseous precursors of SOC, as well as different summer photochemical intensities between the two locations.     

A mechanistic model for mercury capture with in situ-generated titania particles: role of water vapor

A mechanistic model to predict the capture of gas-phase mercury (Hg) species using in situ-generated titania nanosize particles activated by UV irradiation is developed. The model is an extension of a recently reported model for photochemical reactions by Almquist and Biswas that accounts for the rates of electron-hole pair generation, the adsorption of the compound to be oxidized, and the adsorption of water vapor. The role of water vapor in the removal efficiency of Hg was investigated to evaluate the rates of Hg oxidation at different water vapor concentrations. As the water vapor concentration is increased, more hydroxy radical species are generated on the surface of the titania particle, increasing the number of active sites for the photooxidation and capture of Hg. At very high water vapor concentrations, competitive adsorption is expected to be important and reduce the number of sites available for photooxidation of Hg. The predictions of the developed phenomenological model agreed well with the measured Hg oxidation rates in this study and with the data on oxidation of organic compounds reported in the literature.     

Current concepts and applications of air quality simulation models

Current air quality simulation models (AQSM) based on the continuity equation employ the gradient transport approximation and neglect the effect of turbulent fluctuation on chemical reactions. The implications of these approximations are examined, and an alternative statistical, Lagrangian approach applicable to nonreactive pollutants is also discussed.Practically, the working equations of AQSMs are derived from either the Gaussian principle or the conservation-of-mass principles, in conjunction with the semi-empirical parameterizatio of meteorological and photochemical aspects of the problem. The main features of the treatment of the meteorology and current concepts of the photochemical smog mechanism are examined. Some applications of AQMSs, e.g., predictions of future trends of urban carbon monoxide concentrations and photochemical smog, derivation of the relationship between ambient oxidant levels and precursor emission, and estimation of hydrocarbon reactivity for photochemical smog formation, are presented.     

Chemical fixation of toxic metals in stainless steel pickling residue by Na2S∙xH2O, FeSO4∙6H2O and phosphoric acid for beneficial uses

The leaching concentrations of different metals in stainless steel pickling residue(SSPR)were determined and the toxic metals were treated using Na_2 S·xH_2 O,FeSO_4·6 H_2 O,and phosphoric acid.A modified European Community Bureau of Reference(BCR) sequential extraction was used to identify the speciation of the concerned metals.Results showed that SSPR contains a large amount of Ca(58.41%),Fe(29.44%),Cr(3.83%),Ni(2.94%),Mn(2.82%) and some of Al,Cu,Mg,Zn.Among them,Cr and Ni were the most toxic metals in SSPR,thus the raw SSPR falls into hazardous waste category due to the leaching amount of Cr.In addition,the leached Cr was identified as Cr6+(MgCr04) in the waste.BCR test revealed that risk assessment code(RAC) of Cr and Ni were 33.29% and 61.7%,indicating they posed "high" and "very high" risk to the environment,respectively.After fixing by Na_2 S·xH_2 O and FeSO_4·6 H_2 O,the leaching concentrations of Cr and Ni were less than 1.5 and 0.5 mg/L,respectively.After fixing by Na_2 S·xH_2 O and FeSO_4·6 H_2 O the tre ated SSPR can be safely reused as roadbed materials,concrete and cement aggregates.This study provides a useful implication in treatment and beneficial reuse of heavy metal-containing hazardous wastes.     

Purification of contaminated paddy fields by clean water irrigation over two decades

Paddy fields near a mining site in north part of Guangdong Province, PR China, were severely contaminated by heavy metals as a result of wastewater irrigation from the tailing pond. The following clean water irrigation for 2 decades produced marked rinsing effect, especially on Pb and Zn. Paddy fields continuously irrigated with wastewater ever since mining started (50 years) had 1,050.0 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 810.3 mg kg^?1 of Zn for upper 20 cm soil, in comparison with 215.9 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 525.4 mg kg^?1 of Zn, respectively, with clean water irrigation for 20 years. Rinsing effect mainly occurred to a depth of upper 40 cm, of which the soil contained highest metals. Copper and Cd in the farmlands were also reduced due to clean water irrigation. Higher availability of Pb might partly account for more Pb transferred from the tailing pond to the farmland and also more Pb removal from the farmland as a result of clean water irrigation. Neither rice in the paddy field nor dense weeds in the uncultivated field largely took up the metals. However, they might contribute to activate metals differently, leading to a different purification extent. Rotation of rice and weed reduced metal retention in the farmland soil, in comparison with sole rice growth. Harvesting of rice grain (and partially rice stalk) only contributed small fraction of total amount of removed metal. In summary, heavy metal in paddy field resulted from irrigation of mining wastewater could be largely removed by clean water irrigation for sufficient time.     

黄浦江上游来水与黄浦江水源水质内在关联研究

使用有机污染综合指数评价和数理统计方法,对1986—2000年黄浦江水源地及黄浦江上游来水的水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明,黄浦江水源近15a水质变化可分为缓慢恶化、加速恶化和逐渐改善3个阶段;黄浦江松浦大桥取水口水质与园泄泾相近,且均劣于淀峰和太浦河,优于大泖港;大泖港与松浦大桥水质密切相关,对松浦大桥取水口水质恶化贡献很大。基于这一机理建立的回归方程能够较好地拟合出取水口水质的演变趋势。     

Determination of four fluoroquinolone antibiotics in tap water in Guangzhou and Macao

Four fluoroquinolone antibiotics (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and enrofloxacin) in tap water in Guangzhou and Macao were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection. The results showed that all target antibiotics were detected in high rate both in Guangzhou (77.5%) and Macao (100%), ranging from 1.0 to 679.7 ng/L (SD ≤ 37.6) in Guangzhou, and from 2.0 to 37.0 ng/L (SD ≤ 2.5) in Macao. The fluoroquinolone antibiotics pollution in tap water widely distributes in Guangzhou and Macao. In addition, the effect of rainfall on concentration of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in south China was also investigated. Our result indicates that the antibiotic concentration in tap water in Guangzhou tends to obviously reduce at the beginning of rainy season, even decreases below the limit of quantification immediately. Thus, it was clarified that the heavy rain in south China has the function of reducing the fluoroquinolone antibiotics concentrations in tap water.     

有效微生物和多功能复合微生物制剂生物强化提高化粪池粪便污泥减量效率研究

为了考察有效微生物(EM)和多功能复合微生物制剂(MCMP)对化粪池粪便污泥减量的强化效能,以化粪池粪便污泥为研究对象,采用中温(35℃)厌氧消化,研究EM和MCMP不同投加量(0~1.00%)对化粪池粪便污泥厌氧消化总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)和COD的减量效果,考察EM和MCMP投加量与TS、VS和COD去除率间的相关关系。结果表明,投加0.005%~0.10%的EM和MCMP均有利于化粪池粪便污泥TS、VS和COD的去除;其中以投加0.01%的EM(E2处理)和0.01%的MCMP(M2处理)对TS、VS和COD的去除效果最好。E2处理TS、VS和COD的去除率分别为32.51%、42.34%和40.91%,分别比对照(CK)高5.83%、5.29%和7.13%;M2处理TS、VS和COD的去除率分别为33.74%、46.05%和43.33%;分别比CK高7.06%、9%和9.50%。对化粪池粪便污泥厌氧消化TS、VS和COD的减量作用效果表现为:MCMPEM。EM和MCMP的投加量与TS、VS和COD去除率间均存在一定的负相关关系;投加EM和MCMP的各处理的TS、VS和COD去除率两两间均表现为正相关关系。     

镉胁迫对万寿菊生长及生理生态特征的影响

通过水培实验,研究了不同Cd浓度(0、0.1、0.5、1、2和5 mg/L)胁迫对万寿菊生长及生理生化指标的影响.研究表明,低浓度Cd(＜0.5 mg/L)胁迫下,万寿菊的生长末受到显著影响,说明万寿菊对低浓度Cd有一定的耐性.而Cd浓度超过0.5 mg/L时,万寿菊的相对生长速率较对照明显降低(P＜0.05),最高可...