利用Landsat7反演的亮温与土地覆盖类型相关性分析

随着城市人口的急剧增加,城市建筑规模迅速膨胀,大量热源集中排放,产生了城市内部温度明显高于郊区的特殊城市气候现象,即“热岛效应”.以安徽省芜湖市为研究区域,采用GIS叠加分析方法、缓冲区分析方法进行地表辐射亮温与土地覆盖类型的相关性研究.研究结果表明,辐射亮温与地表类型有明显的相关关系,建筑与辐射亮温的相关系数为0.87,植被、水体与辐射亮温的相关系数分别为0.59、0.78.人工建筑因素是产生热岛效应的主要原因之一,加大植被、水体在城市土地用地中的比重,是控制城市热岛效应行之有效的方法,而且利用辐射亮温图可很好地指示城市土地覆盖类型在时间上和空间上的变化.     

超大城市SO2排放对硫酸盐区域分布影响的观测与模拟

2002年8月14—24日在临安采集气溶胶样品,对气溶胶质往往w量和离子成分的尺度分布进行分析.结果表明:SO₄2-主要集中在粒径<2.1 μm的细粒子中,约占所有尺度段上SO42-质量总和的94%;细粒子(PM_2.1)中,ρ(SO₄2-)和ρ(NH₄+)最高,二者之和占所分析离子质量浓度总和的89%. 利用公共多尺度空气质量模式(CMAQ)的过程分析对影响硫酸盐气溶胶分布特征的主要因子进行定量评估,结果表明:经过云内液相氧化和湿清除形成硫酸盐气溶胶的速率为0.19 μg/(m3·h),其对硫酸盐气溶胶的贡献最大;SO₂液相氧化反应中速率最大的是H₂O₂〔5.26 μg/(m3·h)〕,其次是O₂〔4.14 μg/(m3·h)〕和O₃〔1.56 μg/(m3·h)〕. 模拟分析证明,采样期间研究区域SO₄2-主要是由上海及其以南的浙江沿海一带通过SO₂云内与H₂O₂和O₂的液相氧化反应生成. 通过模式敏感性试验发现,在个例的风场配置下,上海排放的SO₂对临安地区的SO₂和硫酸盐的贡献率分别达15%和22%.      

硬叶空气凤梨对铅的富集特征研究

空气凤梨是一类生长在空气中、不需要土壤的特殊植物,是有效的监测环境变化的指示植物。文章以硬叶空凤为材料,以环境中最典型的污染物—铅对其进行胁迫处理后,发现硬叶空凤对铅具有很强的耐性,而且可对铅进行有效的富集,是一种合适的指示铅污染的植物。扫描电镜和能谱分析表明,不论何种铅浓度处理植物体,硬叶空凤叶表鳞片中都可检测到铅元素的存在,进一步表明叶表鳞片很可能是铅等重金属元素的主要富集结构。另外,硬叶空凤叶表鳞片的3类细胞在富集铅时所起的作用是不同的,最内部的碟状细胞中铅的含量要大于中间的环状细胞,更大于最外部的翼状细胞,暗示铅的迁移是一种代谢性主动吸收过程。     

累积影响研究及其意义

在综述累积研究现状的基础上,概述了累积影响的概念与分类方法,累积影响评价的主要途径,论述了累积影响研究的前景与意义。     

北京河流水污染现状分析研究

通过总结近年来北京河流中氮磷、有机质和重金属等方面的研究成果,结果表明北运河水系各河段水质均较差,劣Ⅴ类水质的河流长度超过80％,城市河流污染特征明显,主要污染指标为耗氧型有机污染物和氨氮,重金属污染较轻,悬浮物中的重金属占较大的比重;永定河水系枯水期氮污染较重,主要是硝态氮超标,以颗粒态磷为主要形式的磷污染较轻,重金属含量大都低于地表水Ⅲ类标准;潮白河水系水质较好,各水质指标除个别断面外大都满足中Ⅲ类水标准,重金属含量大都符合Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水标准。     

接枝羧基壳聚糖的合成及其对重金属离子的吸附性能

以壳聚糖为基体,经环氧氯丙烷交联,制备了水不溶性交联壳聚糖,然后以Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ２为引发剂,将丙烯腈单体接枝到ＣＣＴＳ分子骨架上,经皂化制得了水溶性接枝羧基壳聚糖聚合物。     

改进取样方法提高含油废水中CODcr值的准确度

化学需氧量(CODcr)和石油类都是中国实施水污染物排放总量控制指标,也是环境监测的常测项目.CODcr是反映水体中受还原性物质主要是有机物污染程度的综合性指标.矿物油和动、植物油统称为油类,是废水中常见的有机污染物,对CODcr的贡献较大.探索水体中CODcr值与油类物质含量之间的相关性,对CODcr值准确性的判断有一定指导意义.改进含油废水的取样方法,有利于提高CODcr测定值的准确性和代表性.     

An online monitoring system for atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) based on stripping coil and ion chromatography

A new instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrous acid(HONO) was developed,consisting of a double-wall glass stripping coil sampler coupled with ion chromatography(SC-IC).SC-IC is featured by small size(50 × 35 × 25 cm) and modular construction,including three independent parts:the sampling unit,the transfer and supporting unit,and the detection unit.High collection efficiency(> 99%) was achieved with 25 μmol/L Na2CO3 as absorption solution even in the presence of highly acidic compounds.This instrument has a detection limit of 8 pptv at 15 min time resolution,with a measurement uncertainty of 7%.Potential interferences from NOx,NO2+SO2,NO2+VOCs,HONO+O3,HNO3,peroxyacetyl nitrite(PAN) and particle nitrite were quantified in laboratory studies and were found to be insignificant under typical atmospheric conditions.Within the framework of the 3C-STAR project,inter-comparison between the SC-IC and LOPAP(long path liquid absorption photometer) was conducted at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta.Good agreement was achieved between the two instruments over three weeks.Both instruments determined a clear diurnal profile of ambient HONO concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 ppbv.However,deviations were found for low ambient HONO concentrations(i.e.< 0.3 ppbv),which cannot be explained by previous investigated interference species.To accurately determine the HONO budget under illuminated conditions,more intercomparison of HONO measurement techniques is still needed in future studies,especially at low HONO concentrations.     

湖南罕见的一次低温雨雪冰冻灾害天气分析及预警预报

2008年1月中旬至2月初,湖南出现历史上罕见的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害天气。对此次冰冻灾害进行了分析并与历史同期进行了比较,结果表明：此次冰冻灾害天气的主要特征是影响范围广、持续时间长、灾害强度大。＂拉尼娜＂事件和大气环流异常为此次持续的灾害性天气提供了重要的气候背景,在此背景下欧亚大气环流的持续稳定则是此次湖南持续低温雨雪灾害的直接原因。通过对这次冰冻灾害的成因分析,得出了冰冻预报的着眼点,提出了各级气象台站如何做好预报预警服务的基本思路,为冰冻灾害天气的准确预报、预警服务提供参考,对各级台站重大灾害性天气的预报服务和应急响应,具有重要的指导意义。     

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles and meteorological influence in four locations in Guangzhou, China

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles (TSP) is an effective parameter that describes the speed of atmospheric particulate matter deposit to the natural surface. It is also an important indicator to the capacity of atmosphere self-depuration. However, the spatial and temporal variations in dry deposition velocity of TSP at different urban landscapes and the relationship between dry deposition velocity and the meteorological parameters are subject to large uncertainties. We concurrently investigated this relationship at four different landscapes of Guangzhou, from October to December of 2009. The result of the average dry deposition velocity is (1.49 ± 0.77), (1.44 ± 0.77), (1.13 ± 0.53) and (1.82 ± 0.82) cm/sec for urban commercial landscape, urban forest landscape, urban residential landscape and country landscape, respectively. This spatial variation can be explained by the difference of both particle size composition of TSP and meteorological parameters of sampling sites. Dry deposition velocity of TSP has a positive correlation with wind speed, and a negative correlation with temperature and relative humidity. Wind speed is the strongest factor that affects the magnitude of TSP dry deposition velocity, and the temperature is another considerable strong meteorological factor.We also find out that the relative humidity brings less impact, especially during the dry season. It is thus implied that the current global warming and urban heat island effect may lead to correlative changes in TSP dry deposition velocity, especially in the urban areas.