露天采矿过程粉尘产生环节及污染治理措施分析研究

粉尘是露天采矿过程的主要污染物之一,露天采矿中粉尘要达到环保要求,需要从生产过程中的凿岩、爆破、装卸、运输、堆存各环节进行污染控制.采用对上述各生产环节中的粉尘产生原理进行分析的方法,找出各个生产环节粉尘的主要产生点,通过对比前人在各个生产环节粉尘控制的研究成果,找出控制粉尘产生的主要影响因素,总结出露天采矿中各个环节上技术经济上最有效的粉尘防治措施,为露天矿山开采污染防治提供系统的解决方案.通过对前人研究成果的总结,汇总形成一套完善的粉尘控制方案.     

A new process to improve short-chain fatty acids and bio-methane generation from waste activated sludge

As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS(6.8 times higher than the blank test) and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.     

基于卫星观测的2005—2015年京津冀地区NO2柱浓度分布及变化趋势

为更好地了解京津冀地区NO₂浓度的长期时空分布变化特征,对2005—2015年京津冀地区对流层NO₂柱浓度数据进行了统计分析.结果表明,京津冀地区对流层NO₂柱浓度在2005—2010年增加明显,年均复合增长率为6.8%,并在2010年达到峰值,为1 329.07×1013 mol/cm2;2010—2013年保持相对稳定;2013—2015年显著下降,降幅达26.2%.2015年NO₂柱浓度为964.43×1013 mol/cm2,基本与2005年的浓度水平持平.北京地区NO₂柱浓度最先开始下降并保持降低趋势,其中北京市城区降幅远大于郊区,并在2015年达到最低值,为1 647.38×1013 mol/cm2;天津市城、郊区NO₂柱浓度变化相近,总体上均呈先增后减的趋势,并且均在2010年达到峰值,分别为2 686.96×1013、2 019.36×1013 mol/cm2;而河北省西南部(石家庄、邢台、邯郸市)在近两年降幅最为明显,均在35.0%以上.京津冀对流层NO₂柱浓度呈由南向北递减的空间分布趋势,高值区主要分布于京津唐一带以及河北省南部沿太行山一带.研究显示,虽然近年来京津冀地区NO₂柱浓度降幅明显,但相比于周边地区仍面临较大的减排压力.      

岩溶地下河反硝化作用的有限性——一个碳酸盐岩管道的实验研究

反硝化作用是公认的去除水体中硝酸盐的路径,但相比于多孔介质,岩溶地下河中反硝化效果具有不确定性.为更好地认识岩溶地下河中反硝化效果,本研究利用天然碳酸盐岩管道几何模型,以乙醇为可利用电子供体(碳源),示踪了控制流速条件下管道流中反硝化作用,并辅以多孔介质流实验进行对比.反应示踪、地球化学印迹和微生物检测结果表明:当碳源缺乏时,反硝化作用没有明显启动的迹象;一旦补充了碳源,溶解氧、硝酸盐浓度和质量都出现了明显衰减,并且有中间产物亚硝酸盐产生,水体碱度增加.然而,即使在碳源充足情况下,管道流中反硝化强度却明显比多孔介质流中强度低,两者硝酸盐生物去除率分别为39.4%和大于99%,生物降解速率分别为0.113和10.8 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1).推测其原因,一是碳酸盐岩管道内固体表面积与水体积比值低,固体吸着条件不利于微生物生长与发育,降低了硝酸盐去除率;二是管道富含的溶解氧可能延迟了反硝化作用启动,溶解氧降至3.0 mg·L~(-1)左右时硝酸盐浓度才有明显衰减.相比之下,其它环境因素如p H值和温度没有出现明显变化.该研究意义在于:岩溶管道流反硝化去除硝酸盐的潜能是存在的,但即使可利用碳源充足仍具有明显的局限性,这可能意味着岩溶地下河一旦遭受硝酸盐污染,其作为饮用水源的安全风险更大.     

哈尔滨市大气主要污染物浓度变化与城市发展因素影响分析研究

采用Daniel趋势检验法对哈尔滨市近年来SO2、NO2和PM10年均浓度变化趋势分析,并对城市总人口与经济、产业结构、民用汽车保有量和能源状况五个城市发展因素进行数据统计分析,用SPSS探究城市发展过程中影响大气污染的因素及相关性.结果表明:浓度变化趋势是SO2明显上升;NO2缓慢上升;PM10整体明显下降,但在2013年点突增至了0.119 mg/m3.SO2与NO2显著相关,相关系数为0.533.经统计,哈尔滨人口经济发展、产业结构调整较为缓慢,全市民用汽车保有量增加并未对NO2浓度影响显著,能源结构依然以煤为主,虽然能源强度提升,但也存在着煤质、散煤的问题.哈尔滨市各城市发展因素与污染物浓度关联度不显著.     

人工湿地在天津生态城水系构建中的应用建议研究

人工湿地技术融合基质、植物、微生物及工程构造为一体,通过物理、化学、生物、生态过程的综合作用,可以对低污染水具有良好的净化效果.在总结该技术主要工程形式、应用研究进展及常见问题的基础上,结合天津生态城水环境建设现状,以景观水体水质保持为核心目标,提出了人工湿地系统多途径多层次技术的应用方案,形成以大型人工湿地工程为依托的水系构建总体工程方案,这样就可以为该技术在黑臭水体治理及海绵城市建设领域的广泛应用提供参考依据.     

Pd/Al2O3粒子电极电催化还原BrO3-的研究

针对常规方法难以去除水中Br_3~-的问题,采用浸渍煅烧法制备了负载型纳米Pd/Al_2O_3粒子电极,研究了该电极电催化还原Br O-3的效果.催化剂的结构表征表明该反应实现了Pd纳米晶的均匀负载,纳米Pd/Al_2O_3具有较高的电催化活性和较低的能耗,其最佳反应条件为3%Pd负载量,0.9 m A·cm-2电流密度和1 g·L催化剂投量,酸性条件可促进Br O-3的直接或间接还原.ESR检测证实了Pd的负载增强了反应体系活性物种[H]的生成,进而促进了Br O-3的间接电催化还原.     

Comparison of using polyurethane foam passive samplers and tree bark samples from Western China to determine atmospheric organochlorine pesticide

Polyurethane foam(PUF)passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013,and the organochlorine pesticide(OCP)concentrations in the samples were determined.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products(collectively called DDTs),hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs),and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were the dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples.The mean DDTs,HCHs and HCB concentrations were 33,22 and 18 ng/sample in the PUF samples,and 428,74,and 43 ng/(g lipid weight(lw))in the tree bark,respectively.The OCP concentrations in the air,calculated using PUF–air and tree-bark–air partitioning models,were of the same order of magnitude.Both sample types showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have occurred in western China.Meanwhile,PUF passive samplers were compared with the use of tree bark samples as passive samplers.The OCP compositions in the PUF and tree bark samples were different.Only the relatively stable OCPs(such as HCB,β-HCH and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene(DDE))were consistent in the PUF and tree bark samples.     

我国生态农村建设之探索

生态农村建设是当前建设社会主义新农村的重大举措,论文从农村的生态环境、基础条件和农民意识等方面,探讨了农村生态环境存在的问题,指出了加快农村生态建设的重要性,提出了加强乡镇企业环境综合整治、完善体制机制建设、发展生态农业、开展生态文明教育等措施。针对我国农村生态建设的现状和特点,探索出一种适合我国农村实际情况的可持续发展模式：以经济发展为基础,以科技应用为支点,以政府干预为手段,以制度创新为导向,以法制完善为保障,以意识提高为导向的生态农村建设。