Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of two novel pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallowell

Imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitro-imidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] and RH-5849 [2'-benzoyl-l'-tert-butylbenzoylhydrazinel] are two pesticides used in China since 1992. In the present study we conducted acute toxicity test, micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay of the two pesticides on amphibian, Rana N. Hallowell, a sensitive organism suitable for acting as the bio-indicator of aquatic and agricultural ecosystems. The values of LC50-48 h of imidacloprid were found to be 165 mg l(-1) for tadpoles of Rana limnocharis and 219 mg l(-1) for tadpoles of Rana N. Hallowell. On the other hand, RH-5849 showed no acute toxicity to tadpoles during the 96 h exposure even it was saturated in the test solutions. There were significant differences in the MN frequencies between the negative controls and the treated groups at the dose of 8 mg l(-1) for imidacloprid (p < 0.05) and 40 mg l(-1) for RH-5849 (p < 0.01). Comet assay found significant differences (p < 0.01) in the distributions of DNA damage grades between the negative controls and groups treated in vitro with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg l(-1) of imidacloprid and 5, 25, 50 and 100 mg l(-1) of RH-5849, respectively. DNA damage scores increased with the exposure levels of the two pesticides and dose-effect relationships were observed for both imidacloprid (r2 = 0.92) and RH-5849 (r2 = 0.98). The MN test and comet assay revealed potential adverse effects of the two pesticides on DNA in the erythrocytes of amphibians in aquatic and agricultural ecosystems.     

人工神经网络和专家系统在污水生物处理系统中的应用

对近年来国内外污水生物处理系统中人工神经网络和专家系统的应用进行了简要的回顾。分析了废水生物处理工艺难于控制的原因及人工神经网络和专家系统的结构和特点。结果表明．国外智能控制发展迅速,并且应用领域遍及污水生物处理的各个方面,国内尚处于起步阶段。简要探讨了废水生物处理智能控制今后应深入研究的问题及方向。     

USB反应器进行生物反硝化的研究现状与应用前景

综述了USB反应器进行生物反硝化的历史沿革、研究现状 ,并对其在研究中存在的问题进行了描述。最后 ,对USB反应器进行生物反硝化的应用前景作了科学的分析     

二氧化钛载银抗菌剂的研究进展

介绍了二氧化钛系和银系无机抗菌剂在国内外的研究现状、杀菌机理以及存在的问题,论述了二氧化钛载银改性杀菌材料的最新进展,并就其研究开发亟需解决的关键问题提出了可行性建议。     

Distribution and bioavailability of ceria nanoparticles in an aquatic ecosystem model

Along with the increasing utilization of engineered nanoparticles, there is a growing concern for the potential environmental and health effects of exposure to these newly designed materials. Understanding the behavior of nanoparticles in the environment is a basic need. The present study aims to investigate the distribution and fate of ceria nanoparticles in an aquatic system model which consists of sediments, water, hornworts, fish and snails, using a radiotracer technique. Concentrations of ceria in the samples at regular time intervals were measured. Ceria nanoparticles were readily removed from the water column and partitioned between different organisms. Both snail and fish have fast absorption and clearance abilities. Hornwort has the highest bioaccumulation factors. At the end of the experiment, sediments accumulated most of the nanoparticles with a recovery of 75.7 ± 27.3% of total ceria nanoparticles, suggesting that sediments are major sinks of ceria nanoparticles.     

突发环境事件风险源识别与监控技术创新进展——（I）环境风险源识别技术与应用

环境风险防控与环境风险源管理是我国当前环境管理的重要工作之一。为了防控重大环境污染事件、实现环境风险源有序管理、科学决策,开展了重大环境污染事件风险源识别监控与管理技术的研发创新。借鉴国外环境风险源管理经验,遵循环境风险源“分类、分级、分区”管理原则,研发了环境风险源分类、识别与定量分级方法,实现了典型化工园区、特大城市及全国尺度的环境风险源分级,初步提出了全国石化化工行业重点风险企业名单。开发了环境风险源综合管理系统,以期为重点风险源监管、环境风险防控提供技术支持。     

熔盐法处置高熔点垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的浸出特性

对熔盐法处置高熔点垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属离子浸出特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,熔盐物料组成、熔盐温度和热处理气氛对重金属离子的热挥发特性具有重要影响。在还原性气氛条件下,热处理温度为900～1 000 ℃,添加质量分数为10%～50%的CaCl2的氯化钠熔盐中处理2 h后,垃圾焚烧飞灰渣中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn等重金属浸出浓度降低90%以上,可以完全达到生活垃圾填埋场填埋标准。在此过程中,灰渣较原灰可减轻50%,同时转化成具有良好胶凝性能的水泥活性混合材料,XRD测试表明其晶体矿物组成为硅酸二钙、硅酸三钙和阿里尼特以及硫酸钙等。     

中试规模下蜂窝式Mn-Ce/Al2O3脱硝催化剂的低温性能

采用自行设计的反应装置,研究中试规模条件下关键参数对蜂窝堇青石Mn-Ce/Al2O3催化剂脱硝效率的影响以及抗硫抗水性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和比表面积测试仪（BET）研究催化剂的理化性质。结果表明,反应温度、空速、氨氮比对催化活性均有明显影响,同时,催化剂对氮氧化物浓度有较强适应性,NO浓度在134~469 mg·m-3区间内脱硝效率均可保持在75%以上。催化剂在100 oC,空速3 336 h-1,[NH3]/[NO]为0.9,烟气量20 m3·h-1条件下连续反应168 h,其催化效率可以稳定保持在75%~80%,说明蜂窝式Mn-Ce/Al2O3具有良好的稳定性。催化剂在含5%H2O气氛中催化效率由80%减少至60%,在去除H2O后抑制作用消失。反应气中通入143 mg·m-3 SO2后催化效率由80%降低至62%,停止通入SO2后活性不能恢复。同时通入143 mg·m-3 SO2和5%H2O,催化效率下降并维持在53%左右,停止通入后活性恢复至67%。通过对SO2中毒前后的催化剂表征分析可得,SO2存在条件下生成的硫酸铵盐堵塞了20 nm孔径以下的部分孔道,覆盖了催化剂表面活性位点,是引起效率下降的主要原因。     

微波耦合氯化铁调理对活性污泥脱水性能及热值的影响

为实现活性污泥高效脱水和资源化利用,研究了微波耦合氯化铁调理活性污泥。主要考察微波耦合氯化铁对活性污泥脱水性能和热值的影响。微波辐射能够改善活性污泥的脱水性能,优化参数为功率700 W、时间100 s。微波耦合氯化铁调理进一步增强了活性污泥的脱水性能,先投加氯化铁后微波辐射的调理（氯化铁+微波）效果优于先微波辐射后投加氯化铁的调理（微波+氯化铁）效果,脱水效果的改善得益于活性污泥絮体的增大以及EPS的减少。微波调理后的活性污泥（干基）热值随着微波辐射时间的增长逐渐降低,而微波耦合氯化铁调理后的活性污泥（干基）热值随着氯化铁投加量的增加先增加后减少。