森林对污染物(SO42-)的过滤器效应研究

森林的过滤器效应是指森林对污染物所具有的净化缓冲作用,这是森林生态系统所具有的重要生态服务功能之一.森林生态系统对污染物的截留、吸附与净化一般是通过污染物在森林生态系统中的乔木层与灌草层植物、枯落物和土壤(微生物)等组分间的转化过程来实现,阐明森林生态系统各组分对污染物的净化效应是正确评估森林过滤器效应的关键.系统综述了森林生态系统各组分对污染物净化效应的国内外主要研究成果,指明了目前该方面研究存在的问题和努力的方向,并指出目前国内已有的大多数研究还处于实验观测与现象揭示阶段,缺乏对过程与机理的深入研究,很少进行多因素的动态综合研究和系统分析,这都限制了我们对森林生态系统对污染物净化过程内在运行机制和客观规律的正确认识和评估.把整个森林生态系统当作一个过滤器,从植物、凋落物、土壤、微生物几个亚系统方面介绍了森林过滤器对污染物净化缓冲作用方面的主要研究进展.     

Female sex pheromone of Ostrinia orientalis – throwing a light on the relationship between O. orientalis and the European corn borer, O. nubilalis

Summary. The sex pheromone of Ostrinia orientalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was analyzed by gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD), GC–mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays. Three EAD-active compounds were detected in the female sex pheromone gland extract, and identified as tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc). The titers (ratio) of 14:OAc, Z11-14:OAc and E11-14:OAc in 3-day-old virgin females were 0.49 ng (10), 4.86 ng (98) and 0.10 ng (2), respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the 98:2 blend of Z11- and E11-14:OAc, but not Z11-14:OAc alone, elicited the same male behavioral responses as virgin females and crude gland extracts. 14:OAc was inactive by itself, and did not show any synergistic effect on the binary blend. Field trapping experiments also confirmed the attractiveness of the binary blend to O. orientalis males. Based on these results, we concluded that the sex pheromone of O. orientalis is a 98:2 mixture of Z11-14:OAc and E11-14:OAc. This sex pheromone is very similar to that of the Z-type European corn borer, O. nubilalis. The present finding raises the question of whether O. orientalis , which is indistinguishable from O. nubilalis based on external morphology, is a biologically distinct species independent from O. nubilalis.     

Trace Element Contaminants in Sediments From the Noaa National Status and Trends Programme Compared to Data From Throughout the World

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Status and Trends (NS&T) Programme has analyzed samples of surface sediment collected at almost 300 coastal and estuarine sites throughout the United States since 1984. the overall distributions for concentrations of each element are approximately lognormal allowing a definition of geometric means and of “high” concentrations as those exceeding the mean plus one standard deviation of the lognormal distribution. Those mean and “high” concentrations should be useful for comparing the NS&T data set and with other reports on sediment contamination. A world-wide data set, constructed from data in the literature, was summarized in an identical manner. It was found, after excluding locally extreme values, that the NS&T and world-wide data sets yielded very similar mean and “high” concentrations for Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Chromium was the sole element showing higher summary statistics in the NS&T data set, a result attributed to NS&T sampling in areas of naturally (not contaminated) elevated Cr content. It remains undetermined, however, why the world-wide data set, even with exclusion of “hot spots”, yielded higher means and “highs” for Cd, Hg, As, and Ag.     

Relationships between aqueous solubility and octanol-water partition coefficients

The physical chemical equations relating solubility to octanol water partition coefficient are presented and used to develop a new correlation between these quantities which includes a melting point (fugacity ratio) correction. The correlation is satisfactory for 45 organic compounds but it is not applicable to organic acids. When applied to very high molecular weight (> 290) compounds the correlation is less satisfactory; either it is believed because the data are inaccurate or because the tendency for these compounds to partition into organic phases is less than expected. This may have profound environmental implications.     

基于MODIS像元尺度的三峡库区植被覆盖度变化的地形分布特征

区域植被覆盖变化监测是研究资源环境承载力的基础，其对区域可持续发展至关重要。基于MODIS NDVI数据，采用像元二分模型计算了2001~2018年三峡库区植被覆盖度，结合植被覆盖度变化类型提取模型及分布指数，揭示了库区植被覆盖度变化在不同地形因子上的分布特征。研究表明：（1）三峡库区植被以高和中高覆盖度为主，其分别占库区总面积的65.72%和28.61%。18年来，库区年均植被覆盖度增长率为0.14%；（2）库区植被稳定类型占总面积的79.50%，植被改善占16.71%，植被退化占3.79%。26个区（县）中，长寿区、江北区等7区的植被改善面积小于植被退化面积，存在生态退化风险；（3）高程小于500 m、坡度小于6°的区域植被退化优势显著；高程500~1 100 m的区域植被改善为主导类型；坡度6°~15°的区域无明显优势分布；高程大于1 100 m、坡度大于15°的区域植被稳定和植被改善类型为优势分布；（4）库区不同坡向上，平坡上的植被退化类型显著，当坡向由阴坡向阳坡转变（西坡→南坡，北坡→东坡）时，植被覆盖度变化优势分布类型由植被退化型转变为植被改善型。研究结果揭示了三峡库区植被覆盖的空间分布和变化特征，对库区生态环境评价和植被恢复及保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Pomacentrid Population Dynamics on Singapore Coral Reefs

Spatial distribution of the pomacentrids on Singapore reefs was assessed visually, while temporal change was studied within permanent quadrats established on a patch reef between 4 Jul and 30 Nov 1989. Partitioning of space, both horizontally and vertically, on the reef was observed in 15 species. The population of territorial damselfishes on the reef flat was less stable than on the reef slope over time, due to the seasonal occurrence of dense stands of the brown macroalgae, Sargassum. Space was found to be a limiting factor at the reef flat due to the high density of pomacentrids found there. Food resource was the limiting factor on the reef slope, where low light intensity due to sedimentation and lack of suitable substrate inhibited turf algal growth. Multi-specific recruitment of juveniles occurred in April and between mid-October and early November.