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91.
Gusti Mykola Forsell Nicklas Havlik Petr Khabarov Nikolay Kraxner Florian Obersteiner Michael 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2019,24(6):1123-1141
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Climate change mitigation policies for the land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector are commonly assessed based on marginal... 相似文献
92.
Estimates of ozone concentration and deposition flux to coniferous and deciduous forest in the Czech Republic on a 1 × 1 km
grid during growing season (April–September) of the year 2001 are presented. Ozone deposition flux was derived from ozone
concentrations in the atmosphere and from its deposition velocities. To quantify the spatial pattern in surface concentrations
at 1 km resolution incorporating topography, empirical methods are used. The procedure maps ozone concentrations from the
period of the day when measurements are representative for the forest areas of countryside. The effects of boundary layer
stability are quantified using the observed relationship between the diurnal variability of surface ozone concentration and
altitude. Ozone deposition velocities were calculated according to a multiple resistance model incorporating aerodynamic resistance
(R
a
), laminar layer resistance (R
b
) and surface resistance (R
c
). Surface resistance (R
c
) comprises stomatal resistance (R
sto
). R
sto
was calculated with respect to global radiation, surface air temperature and land cover. Modelled total and stomatal ozone
fluxes are compared with the maps describing equivalent values of AOT40 (accumulated exposure over threshold of 40 ppb). For
forests, the critical level (9,000 ppbh May–July daylight hours) is exceeded over 50% of forested territory. This indicates
the potential for effects on large areas of forest. There is significiant correspondence between the exposure index AOT40
and the total ozone flux, but the relation between the total ozone flux and AOT40 exposure index is not clear in all parts
of the forest territory. 相似文献
93.
94.
Christian Mac Steve Desrocher Florin Gheorghiu Allen Kane Michael Pupeza Miroslav Cernik Petr Kvapil Ramesh Venkatakrishnan Wei‐xian Zhang 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2006,16(2):23-33
Nanotechnology application to contaminated site remediation, and especially the use of nanoscale zero‐valent iron particles to treat volatile organic compound (VOC)‐impacted groundwater, is now recognized as a promising solution for cost‐effective in situ treatment. Results obtained during numerous pilot tests undertaken by Golder Associates between 2003 and 2005 in North America (United States and Canada) and Europe have been used to present a synthetic cross‐comparison of technology dynamics. The importance of a comprehensive understanding of the site‐specific geological, hydrogeological, and geochemical conditions, the selection of appropriate nanoscale particles, the importance of monitoring geochemical parameters during technology application, and the potential of nanoparticle impact on microbial activity are discussed in this article. The variable technology dynamics obtained during six pilot tests (selected among numerous other tests) are then presented and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
95.
It has been proposed that blue-green egg colours have evolved as a post-mating signal of female quality, selected by males
allocating their parental effort in response to the strength of this signal. We tested two main assumptions of the sexually
selected egg coloration hypothesis: (1) whether the intensity of eggshell blue-green chroma (BGC) reflects female quality;
and (2) whether males make their decisions on the level of parental care that they provide according to the intensity of eggshell
BGC. As a model species, we chose the facultatively polygynous great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). In this species, females simultaneously paired with the same male, compete for his nest attendance and could benefit from
signalling their quality through egg coloration. However, we found no association between the variation in eggshell BGC and
the measures of female quality (physical condition, mean egg volume and age). Moreover, great reed warbler males did not adjust
their investment (as measured in terms of nest defence against a brood parasite) in relation to the eggshell BGC. We conclude
that blue-green egg coloration in this open-nesting passerine is unlikely to have a signalling function. Rather, the large
colour variation among clutches of individual females may depend on yearly fluctuations in environmental conditions. 相似文献
96.
Fei Luo Jing Song Weixia Xia Mingang Dong Mengfang Chen Petr Soudek 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(14):8707-8717
Prior to the application of biochar as an agricultural improver, attention should be paid to the potential introduction of toxicants and resulting unintended impacts on the environment. In the present study, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and mineral elements were determined in maize and sludge biochars produced at 100 °C increments between 200 and 700 °C. The concentration ranges of total PAHs were 358–5,136 μg kg?1 in maize biochars and 179–70,385 μg kg?1 in sludge biochars. The total heavy metals were detected at the following concentrations (mg kg?1): Cu, 20.4–56.7; Zn, 59.7–133; Pb, 1.44–3.50; Cd, <0.014; Cr, 8.08–21.4; Ni, 4.38–9.82 in maize biochars and Cu, 149–202; Zn, 735–986; Pb, 54.7–74.2; Cd, 1.06–1.38; Cr, 180–247; Ni, 41.1–56.1 in sludge biochars. The total concentrations of PAHs and heavy metals in all maize biochars and most sludge biochars were below the control standards of sludge for agricultural use in China, the USA, and Europe. The leachable Mn concentrations in sludge biochars produced at below 500 °C exceeded the groundwater or drinking water standards of these countries. Overall, all the maize biochars were acceptable for land application, but sludge biochars generated at temperatures between 200 and 500 °C were unsuitable for application as soil amendments due to their potential adverse effects on soil and groundwater quality. 相似文献
97.
The study presented here focuses on visual preferences expressed by respondents for five relatively natural habitat types
used in land reclamation projects in the North-West Bohemian brown coal basins (Czech Republic). Respondents evaluated the
perceived beauty of the habitat types using a photograph questionnaire, on the basis of the positively skewed 6-point Likert
scale. The order of the habitat types, from most beautiful to least beautiful, was: managed coniferous forest, wild deciduous
forest, managed deciduous forest, managed mixed forest, and managed grassland. Higher visual preferences were indicated for
older forest habitats (30–40 years old) than for younger habitats (10–20 years old). In addition, respondents preferred wild
deciduous forest to managed deciduous forest. Managed grasslands and non-native managed coniferous forests were preferred
by older people with a lower level of education and low income living in the post-mining area. On the other hand, native,
wild deciduous forest was awarded the highest perceived beauty score by younger, more educated respondents with higher income,
living outside the post-mining landscapes. The study confirms differences in the perception of various forms of land reclamation
by residents vs. non-residents, and its findings also confirm the need for sociological research in post-mining landscapes
within the process of designing rehabilitated landscapes. From the visual standpoint, the results of our study also support
the current trend toward using natural succession in the reclamation of post-mining landscapes. 相似文献
98.
Ntougias S Baldrian P Ehaliotis C Nerud F Antoniou T Merhautová V Zervakis GI 《Chemosphere》2012,88(5):620-626
Thirty-nine white-rot fungi belonging to nine species of Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) were initially screened for their ability to decrease olive-mill wastewater (OMW) phenolics. Four strains of Ganoderma australe, Ganoderma carnosum, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatus, were selected and further examined for key-aspects of the OMW biodegradation process. Fungal growth in OMW-containing batch cultures resulted in significant decolorization (by 40-46% and 60-65% for Ganoderma and Pleurotus spp. respectively) and reduction of phenolics (by 64-67% and 74-81% for Ganoderma and Pleurotus spp. respectively). COD decrease was less pronounced (12-29%). Cress-seeds germination increased by 30-40% when OMW was treated by Pleurotus strains. Toxicity expressed as inhibition of Aliivibrio fischeri luminescence was reduced in fungal-treated OMW samples by approximately 5-15 times compared to the control. As regards the pertinent enzyme activities, laccase and Mn-independent peroxidase were detected for Ganoderma spp. during the entire incubation period. In contrast, Pleurotus spp. did not exhibit any enzyme activities at early growth stages; instead, high laccase (five times greater than those of Ganoderma spp.) and Mn peroxidases activities were determined at the end of treatment. OMW decolorization by Ganoderma strains was strongly correlated to the reduction of phenolics, whereas P. eryngii laccase activity was correlated with the effluent’s decolorization. 相似文献
99.
Zapletal M Cudlín P Chroust P Urban O Pokorný R Edwards-Jonášová M Czerný R Janouš D Taufarová K Večeřa Z Mikuška P Paoletti E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1024-1034
Daily ozone deposition flux to a Norway spruce forest in Czech Republic was measured using the gradient method in July and August 2008. Results were in good agreement with a deposition flux model. The mean daily stomatal uptake of ozone was around 47% of total deposition. Average deposition velocity was 0.39 cm s−1 and 0.36 cm s−1 by the gradient method and the deposition model, respectively. Measured and modelled non-stomatal uptake was around 0.2 cm s−1. In addition, net ecosystem production (NEP) was measured by using Eddy Covariance and correlations with O3 concentrations at 15 m a.g.l., total deposition and stomatal uptake were tested. Total deposition and stomatal uptake of ozone significantly decreased NEP, especially by high intensities of solar radiation. 相似文献
100.
Alfréd Trnka Milica Po?gayová Petr Procházka Pavol Prokop Marcel Honza 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(8):1187-1194
Reproductive success of brood parasites varies considerably both among and within host species, mainly due to differences in host egg-rejection rates and survival of parasitic chicks. Here, we investigated the breeding success of the cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) in one of its major hosts, the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus), with respect to host social mating status. In this passerine, polygynous males provide less parental care to their young per nest than monogamous males. Consequently, their less-assisted females may fledge lower numbers of nestlings than monogamous females. This may be especially true for secondary females, which often receive limited or no paternal help with young at all. Based on these findings, we expected higher cuckoo reproductive success in nests of socially monogamous than polygynous great reed warbler males. More specifically, we predicted lower fledging success of cuckoo young in nests of secondary than primary or monogamous females. In line with the prediction, we found higher cuckoo fledging success in nests of monogamous than polygynous males, monogamous nests being more than twice as successful as secondary nests. We detected, however, only a tendency to lower cuckoo success in primary compared to monogamous nests and no differences between primary and secondary nests. Moreover, neither parasitism nor host egg-rejection rates differed among the nests of different status. Our results show, for the first time, that the social mating status of a host may influence the overall reproductive success of a brood parasite and thus should be considered in further studies. 相似文献