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101.
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), as technical mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), are ubiquitous in the environment. CPs tend to behave in a similar way to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), leading several countries to impose regulations on the use of CPs. In this article, we review the literature on the properties of CPs, the current analytical tools available to determine CPs in various types of environmental matrices, and concentrations found in the environment. In particular, concentrations of CPs in environmental compartments including air, water, sediments, biota, human food products and human tissues are summarized. Priorities for future research are: improvements in analytical methodologies (reducing the complexity of the analysis, producing reference materials and performing interlaboratory studies); determining background levels of chlorinated paraffins in the environment and human populations (this question should be answered using quality assured analytical tools allowing the intercomparison of data); and investigating the sources of CPs to the environment and to humans. 相似文献
102.
Mei Lei Ziping Dong Ying Jiang Philip Longhurst Xiaoming Wan Guangdong Zhou 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(2):24
103.
Hilarydoss Sharon Delhiraja Krithika Reddy Kalvala Srinivas Philip Ligy Chand Drupad Benny Belmin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(45):63572-63588
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Sustainable desalination can be achieved by adopting renewable energy-based low-cost and low-impact desalting techniques. In this investigation,... 相似文献
104.
Jennifer Horney Matt Simon Shannon Grabich Philip Berke 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(5):802-818
In accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act, most US counties have a hazard mitigation plan (HMP) to reduce future disaster losses. HMPs are important as they can be used to proactively assess risk, direct future development, raise awareness and build consensus. Using a population-based sample, we interviewed residents of Bertie County, NC, about their awareness of and participation in the HMP process to determine if demographics, social vulnerability or hazard vulnerability were associated with increased awareness or participation. We also assessed whether these factors were associated with knowledge of policy changes and investments that were adopted in the HMP. Overall, the unemployed were the only group less likely to report awareness of or participation in HMP development. African-Americans, mobile home residents, the poor, short-term residents and those with less disaster experience were less likely to be aware of policies and investments prioritised in the HMP. Targeted efforts to increase awareness could potentially improve disaster outcomes among vulnerable populations. 相似文献
105.
D. Philip Whitfield 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1990,27(4):247-254
Summary The mating system of the red-necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatus is usually classed as polyandrous, but studies show that the majority of females are monogamous. Polyandry appears to be constrained because later arriving males do not usually nest with females that have already laid a clutch that season (C1-females), despite the sexual receptiveness of these females. Rather they nest with females that have not previously laid a clutch that season (C0-females). Five potential explanations of this constraint on polyandry were tested. Two hypotheses, invoking female-female competition, were not supported as female agonistic success appeared to be unrelated to priority of access to males, and there was no apparent difference between C0- and C1-females in their ability to find unpaired males. Two hypotheses suggest that C0-females are preferred by males either because they can initiate a clutch more rapidly or because they lay larger eggs. Neither hypothesis was supported by the available data. The data upheld a third male choice hypothesis that C1-females are discriminated against because they have copulated previously with another male and this may compromise paternity. Secondary males copulated and attempted to copulate more often when paired with C1-females, suggesting that sperm competition was greater and confidence of paternity was lower. Corroborative evidence of active male choice showed that males were more aggressive towards associating C1-females than towards C0-females, although how males discriminated between the two classes of females was not determined. 相似文献
106.
Ronald J. Krumm Philip E. Graves 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1982,9(4):311-327
Time-series analysis of effects of pollutants on emergency hospital admissions indicates important synergistic interactions among pollutants and to a lesser degree nonlinearities in effects of single pollutants. Comparisons of alternative econometric specifications are made to determine the appropriateness of incorporating nonuniform pollution impacts. The data substantially support the existence of synergisms among pollutants with high levels of sulfur dioxide, SO2 (particulates), increasing the impact of particulates (SO2) on emergency hospital admissions. Marginal effects of either pollutant are, however, small at current ambient air quality levels. These results indicate that damage estimates were likely to be understated during the 1960's when pollution levels were high, while, at current levels of those pollutants considered here, marginal damages are lower than would be estimated in studies failing to incorporate synergistic and nonlinear impacts. 相似文献
107.
吹扫-捕集/气相色谱/质谱分析水中挥发性有机化合物 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Philip L.Wylie 《环境化学》2002,21(2):197-200
吹扫 捕集与气相色谱 /质谱联用分析水中挥发性有机化合物是使用最为广泛的一种技术 .取 5ml水样 ,大多数目标化合物可在 0 5 μg·l- 1 或更低的浓度被定量 .如果取 2 5ml水样 ,就能得到更高的检测灵敏度 .安捷伦公司吹扫 捕集 /气相色谱 /质谱联用系统以其可靠的性能、高灵敏度和简单易用而在全球范围得到用户的认可 .同时安捷伦公司可提供专为分析环境中挥发性化合物而设计的软件、消耗品及气相色谱柱 ,能够保证任何一间实验室得到高质量、可靠的分析实验数据 . 相似文献
108.
109.
110.
Crickets can autotomize a limb in order to evade predation; however, this autotomy compromises their escape speed and, therefore,
their ability to avoid subsequent predation events. We recorded two measures of predator-avoidance behaviour in field crickets
(Gryllus bimaculatus) exposed to varying levels of predation threat, with the most extreme level leading to autotomy of a limb. Our first measure
of caution was time to emergence from cover, which was affected by perceived predation treatment, with both autotomized males
and females being significantly more cautious than intact individuals. For males (but not females), the presence of a calling
conspecific encouraged earlier emergence. Our second measure of caution was alteration of male calling behaviour. Autotomized
males remained silent for significantly longer time after disturbance than intact males, but there was no difference in call
rate once they had resumed calling, suggesting that behavioural changes were not merely a result of injury response but a
controlled modification of behaviour as a result of autotomy. These data suggest that autotomy in field crickets results in
altered calling behaviour, which was not significantly altered with different acoustic environments. 相似文献