厦门春季低空大气酸沉降垂直分布的研究

1993年3月28日～4月7日,在厦门后坑村,对不同高度的低空(1000m以下)大气中气态污染物?云水和雨水进行了垂直分布观测?结果表明:厦门后坑村春季大气中的SO₂,NO_x,O₃的日均值分别是0.069,0.015,0.060mg/m3,基本符合国家大气质量一级标准,而H₂O₂的日均值为1.70μg/m3,是地面大气中H₂O₂浓度的5.3倍,说明其大气氧化活性较强;空中雨水大部分酸化,而云水全部酸化,且NO-3浓度较高,说明春季酸雨污染较严重。      

抛石环境中铝合金阳极性能评价及其对海底隧道钢壳保护效果评估

目的 解决埋覆介质中牺牲阳极电化学性能评价的不确定性,实现非匀质介质中牺牲阳极电容量测试结果的评价和对比.方法 模拟沉管隧道埋覆的环境介质,对铝合金牺牲阳极的电容量和溶解形貌进行评测.为区别于现有的海水等匀质介质中阳极的检测方法,建立非匀质介质中铝阳极电化学性能评价方法.另外,在上述埋覆介质中,测定阳极和阴极的极化曲线,修正仿真计算的边界条件,有利于模拟这种高电阻率介质环境下阴极保护电位分布.结果 测试箱所测电阻率与商用便携式电导率仪测定精度相当.A1阳极在低电阻率的海水中(25～40?·cm)性能稳定,电容量稳定在2500 A·h/kg,溶解性能良好;在40?·cm海淡水+回填石的混合介质中,电容量测试值数据波动大,重现性差.B1阳极在海水(25～40?·cm)中的电容量和A1阳极相当,未见到差异,在40?·cm海淡水+回填石混合介质中,电容量数值分散性小,电化学活性高.结论 混合介质中的评价试验体现了海淡水、混合介质电阻率和回填石对阳极溶解产物阻滞的综合效应,提高了抛石环境中铝阳极寿命评估的准确性,尤其适用于沉管隧道钢壳用铝合金阳极电化学性能评价和牺牲阳极保护效果评估.     

菲律宾最大油污灾害

油污遍布的滩涂、渐渐枯萎的椰树、人们惊恐地瞪着充满血丝的眼睛……菲律宾吉马拉斯岛,就这样被定格在空前的悲剧画面中。2006年8月11日,菲石化公司租用的本国油轮在附近海域遭风浪击沉,总共200多万升工业燃油随之落入约900米深的海底。次日,汩汩泄漏     

城市生活垃圾填埋场垃圾-土壤-植物中汞含量的分布特征

在贵阳和武汉市的4座城市生活垃圾填埋场,研究了其中的生活垃圾、土壤和植物中的汞含量分布特征。结果显示,城市生活垃圾的汞含量分布极不均匀,浓度为0.170~46.222 mg.kg-1,几何均值0.574 mg.kg-1,一半以上的样品汞含量低于0.5 mg.kg-1,个别含量异常偏高,可能是被混入的含汞废弃产品污染了,而各个填埋场的垃圾汞含量几何均值相差不大。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著,反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度,有时覆盖土壤的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23倍。填埋场附近的农田土壤存在一定的汞污染迹象。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同,无喙齿冠草为叶>根>茎,狗牙根和硬质早熟禾为地下部分>地上部分。随着填埋场运行时间的增长,附近生长的苔藓汞含量不断升高,封闭填埋场种植的玉米果实有一部分汞含量超过了食用标准,这些都说明填埋场的运行会给周围的生态环境带来一定的汞污染风险。     

Land-cover changes in an urban lake watershed in a mega-city, Central China

Urbanization can exert a profound influence on land covers and landscape characteristics. In this study, we characterize the impact of urbanization on land cover and lacustrine landscape and their consequences in a large urban lake watershed, Donghu Lake watershed (the largest urban lake in China), Central China, by using Landsat TM satellite images of three periods of 1987, 1993 and 1999 and ground-based information. We grouped the land covers into six categories: water body, vegetable land, forested land, shrub-grass land, open area and urban land, and calculated patch-related landscape indices to analyze the effects of urbanization on landscape features. We overlaid the land cover maps of the three periods to track the land cover change processes. The results indicated that urban land continuously expanded from 9.1% of the total watershed area in 1987, to 19.4% in 1993, and to 29.6% in 1999. The vegetable land increased from 7.0% in 1987, 11.9% in 1993, to 13.9% in 1999 to sustain the demands of vegetable for increased urban population. Concurrently, continuous reduction of other land cover types occurred between 1987 and 1999: water body decreased from 30.4% to 23.8%, and forested land from 33.6% to 24.3%. We found that the expansion of urban land has at least in part caused a decrease in relatively wild habitats, such as urban forest and lake water area. These alterations had resulted in significant negative environmental consequences, including decline of lakes, deterioration of water and air quality, and loss of biodiversity.     

Potential of microalgae Bio-Coke as a sustainable solid fuel alternative to coal coke

Energy and environmental issues have triggered the search for new sources of green energy alternatives in recent years. Biofuel production from renewable sources is widely considered one of the most sustainable alternatives for environmental and economic sustainability. Microalgae are currently being promoted as one of the most promising liquid biofuel feedstocks due to their rapid growth, high lipid production capacity, and carbon–neutral cycle. In this study, whole microalgae cells were utilized as raw material to produce solid biofuel, i.e., Bio-Coke, and this study aimed to investigate the possibility of microalgae Bio-Coke as an alternative to coal coke. The results show that Bio-Coke can be produced from microalgae in the temperature range of 80–100 °C. The apparent density is between 1.253 and 1.261 g/cm³, comparable to the apparent density of lignocellulosic Bio-Coke. Additionally, the calorific value is higher than the calorific value of lignocellulosic Bio-Coke and within the range of the calorific value of subbituminous coal. Therefore, microalgae Bio-Coke can be utilized to replace coal coke usage in the future.

     

矿区土壤Pb的分布特征及植物修复应用性研究

对云南省某有色矿区采矿厂及选矿厂周围土壤Pb污染现状、土壤中Pb的形态分布特征及其植物有效性进行了分析.按照Tessier的重金属形态分级和浸提方法,Pb在土壤中主要以铁锰氧化物结合态及有机结合态为主,植物有效性较低.比较两样点土壤Pb活性,选矿厂高于采矿厂,这可能是由于Pb的来源不同.从土壤含Pb及植物有效态Pb含量来看,该矿区样点土壤Pb污染均较严重,开展污染修复工作势在必行.以植物体内Pb含量、地表上部有效富集系数及转移系数为指标,对20种植物对Pb的富集特性分析发现,类芦富集和转移Pb的能力较强,进一步研究价值很大.从土壤Pb的有效态含量及生态安全考虑,在该矿区进行土壤Pb污染的植物提取修复是可行的.     

废水厌氧处理工艺的发展

分析了厌氧工艺的产生和发展的原因,介绍了厌氧反应器的第1代、第2代和第3代反应器的发展内容和过程.     

反硝化真菌-细菌优化组合及其脱氮能力研究

从多种真菌中筛选到3株脱氮活性较高的真菌,并将其与一株从武汉市郊新筛选分离到的具有较强脱氮能力的细菌HS-03进行混和培养,通过正交实验确立其最佳培养条件。正交实验方差分析表明:碳源、pH值和温度3个因素对脱氮率的影响都非常显著,菌种因素对脱氮率有一定影响。实验结果表明,真菌与细菌混合脱氮的最佳培养条件为:以琥珀酸钠为碳源,NaNO3为N源,C/N为10,pH=7.5,温度30℃。细菌HS-03和真菌Fusariumoxyspurum的组合优于其它组合。在最佳培养条件下,该组合能在21h内去除10mmolNO3-,优于相同条件下细菌HS-03或真菌F.oxyspurum的反硝化能力。     

颗粒活性炭载体新型生物转盘去除生活污水中COD和NH3-N的研究

开发一种改进型生物转盘处理生活污水,将盘片改为转笼状,并向其中加入颗粒活性发作为载体,研究该系统对生活污水的处理效果。结果表明：在转盘转速为15rpm和HRT分别为10h、8h、6h、4．5h情况下,进水COD平均浓度约为223mg／L,出水COD平均浓度分别为15．6、17．9、23．4、28．2mg/L,平均去除率为93．0％、91．9％、89．5％、86．6％;进水NH3-N平均浓度约为22mg／L,出水NH3-N平均浓度分别为0．32、1．13、2．30、5．71mg／L,平均去除率为98．5％、94．8％、89．7％、74．6％。