基于RuO2-IrO2/Ti和Fe0电极的电氧化-电絮凝处理含Tl废水

基于RuO₂-IrO₂/Ti形稳电极和Fe⁰牺牲电极实现电氧化-电絮凝(EO-EC)一体化处理含Tl (I)废水,并与单一的电絮凝(EC)进行比较,探讨了EO-EC处理含Tl废水的机理.结果表明,相较于单一EC,EO-EC (1:1)组合技术适应于宽pH (4-10)以及电流密度范围(5-20mA/cm²)下含Tl废水高效处理,且不易发生钝化;活性氯以及氧化还原电位在Tl (I)间接氧化Tl (III)过程中扮演重要角色,沉淀分析表明生成的Tl (OH)_3(s)与絮体Fe (OH)_3(am)共沉淀,纤铁矿位点可吸附残留Tl (I).EO-EC一体化技术可满足实际含Tl废水达标处理(<2µg/L)且具有经济可行性.     

富春江库区高温热浪变化特征及对藻类水华潜在影响研究

随着全球气候变暖,夏季高温热浪出现频次、强度和持续时间明显增加. 为探明气候变暖引起的夏季高温热浪对藻类水华及淡水生态系统的影响, 基于长期气象观测、高频浮标水温监测、藻华过程浮游植物生物量连续监测以及卫星遥感反演,分析了富春江库区夏季高温热浪长期变化特征以及2016年高温热浪对富春江水库藻类水华的影响过程. 结果表明:①1972—2020年近50年富春江水库呈现明显的区域增温,平均气温增速为0.35 ℃/(10 a),2016年达最高值(18.13 ℃);与此同时,高温热浪频次和天数也显著增加,且起始时间显著提前,结束时间显著推迟,2016年经历了近50年来较严重的高温热浪事件. ②野外实测和卫星遥感反演表明,2016年7—8月富春江水库暴发严重的藻类水华,库区叶绿素a浓度在8月19日达最高值〔(65.3±21.3) μg/L〕. ③因果分析显示,高温热浪引起的气温和水温增加、降水和风速减少以及热力分层强化等直接或者间接诱发和促进了浮游植物生物量累积及蓝藻水华形成. 研究显示,夏季高温热浪加剧了富春江水库藻类水华暴发,未来全球变暖背景下高温热浪频次和强度将继续增加,需开展高频同步监测和受控试验,深入揭示高温热浪对藻类水华形成的驱动机制.      

山西省城市地区近年来环境空气臭氧污染特征及来源解析

基于山西省2018—2020年国控点位O₃监测数据分析了全省O₃污染特征,分别以晋城市和太原市为典型城市,分析了温度、相对湿度和风向风速等气象因子以及前体物(NO_x和VOCs)对O₃的影响,并采用CAMx模式开展2020年6—8月山西省O₃区域和行业来源解析. 结果表明:① 山西省O₃超标天数中以O₃轻度污染为主,且中度及以上污染呈增加趋势,O₃污染集中出现在5—9月,且呈现较强的地域性特征,O₃浓度日变化呈单峰型特征. ② ρ(O_{3-1 h})(臭氧1 h平均浓度)与气温、风速均呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关,高温、低湿有利于O₃的生成. 风速与ρ(O_{3-1 h})呈分段式线性关系,ρ(O_{3-1 h})随着风速增大而升高,当风速大于某一阈值时,ρ(O_{3-1 h})随风速的增加而下降. 以典型城市晋城市为例,当温度在25 ℃以上、相对湿度在30%~60%之间、风速为4~5 m/s,且风向为南风和东南风时更容易出现ρ(O_{3-1 h})高值. ③ 山西省2020年6—8月O₃区域来源解析表明,各城市O₃本地源贡献较弱而传输贡献影响显著(>80%). ④ 山西省2020年6—8月O₃行业来源解析表明,各市工业源类(电力源、焦化源和其他工业源)的贡献率在50%左右,柴油交通源贡献率在20%~27%之间. 研究显示,山西省O₃污染传输贡献影响显著,联防联控势在必行,电力源、焦化源和柴油交通源对O₃生成贡献较大,亟需优先加强管控.      

化学及干湿循环作用下泥灰岩损伤劣化特性分析北大核心CSCD

库岸岩质边坡底部受水的化学腐蚀及水位变化形成的干湿循环影响,其强度远低于一般岩体。泥灰岩作为一种强度较差的特殊岩体,更易受到地质、水文等因素的联合破坏。对三峡库区巫山段常见的泥灰岩进行化学溶液浸泡及干湿循环作用,开展单轴压缩试验、直剪试验、电镜扫描试验、数值模拟,并采用PSO-BP神经网络对抗剪强度参数进行预测。研究结果表明:泥灰岩在化学及干湿循环作用后的受力变形经历着裂纹起裂-扩展-延伸-破坏四个阶段,破坏时的裂纹扩展路径呈现多向发展的趋势;岩石的单轴抗压强度、内摩擦角、黏聚力在酸性增强及干湿循环次数增加后都有明显下降,这主要与其内部结构、矿物组成有关,干湿循环作用下的热胀冷缩及化学作用下的腐蚀,加剧了泥灰岩内部裂隙扩展、孔隙增大;PSO-BP神经网络能较好地预测泥灰岩抗剪强度参数在不同pH值、不同干湿循环次数下的值,误差较小,可将该方法运用到类似案例分析中。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from MSW incineration in China: Impacts of waste characteristics and energy recovery

Determination of the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted during municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is complex because both contributions and savings of GHGs exist in the process. To identify the critical factors influencing GHG emissions from MSWI in China, a GHG accounting model was established and applied to six Chinese cities located in different regions. The results showed that MSWI in most of the cities was the source of GHGs, with emissions of 25–207 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. Within all process stages, the emission of fossil CO₂ from the combustion of MSW was the main contributor (111–254 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw), while the substitution of electricity reduced the GHG emissions by 150–247 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. By affecting the fossil carbon content and the lower heating value of the waste, the contents of plastic and food waste in the MSW were the critical factors influencing GHG emissions of MSWI. Decreasing food waste content in MSW by half will significantly reduce the GHG emissions from MSWI, and such a reduction will convert MSWI in Urumqi and Tianjin from GHG sources to GHG sinks. Comparison of the GHG emissions in the six Chinese cities with those in European countries revealed that higher energy recovery efficiency in Europe induced much greater reductions in GHG emissions. Recovering the excess heat after generation of electricity would be a good measure to convert MSWI in all the six cities evaluated herein into sinks of GHGs.     

Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

This study was a preliminary step to evaluate the acute toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([C₈mim]Cl) on loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) by determining the effects on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and by the comet assay. The results showed that [C₈mim]Cl had acute toxicity at concentrations above 20 mg L^?1, inducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity on fish liver cells. In respect to enzyme activities, [C₈mim]Cl induced changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione content the livers of fish exposed at 20–80 mg L^?1. [C₈mim]Cl at the same exposure level caused a remarkable increase in malondialdehyde level. The comet assay indicated that [C₈mim]Cl at 20–80 mg L^?1 induced genotoxicity in liver cells. With increased exposure concentration and time, the two comet parameters trailing rate and tail moment were significantly increased, with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between control group and each treatment group. The present study shows that ionic liquids can be a threat to the health of aquatic organism when accidentally released to aquatic ecosystems.     

浙江拔茅银矿成矿地球化学条件及成矿物质来源

拔茅银矿为一赋存于中生代陆相火山岩中的浅成热液矿床。本文通过该矿床矿物中的气—液包裹体,S、Pb、H、O等稳定同位素组成,矿物共生组合稳定存在的热力学条件,稀土元素地球化学特征,岩石的含矿性等方面的研究,阐述了其成矿地球化学条件和成矿物质来源。     

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca-Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus(P) resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar(Ca–Mg/biochar) application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca–Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in Ca O and Mg O nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca–Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-Ca O and nano-Mg O particles and reached equilibrium after 360 min.The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid–liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca–Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical p H level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-Ca O and nano-Mg O particles of Ca–Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca–Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca–Mg/B600 Ca–Mg/B450 Ca–Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca–Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.     

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.