Factors associated with driving under the influence of alcohol

Objective: This study examined the risk factors of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) among drivers of specific vehicle categories (DSC). On the basis of this research, the variables related to DUI and involvement in traffic crashes were defined. The analysis was conducted for car drivers, bicyclists, motorcyclists, bus drivers, and truck drivers.

Method: The research sample included drivers involved in traffic crashes on the territory of Serbia in 2016 (60,666). Two types of analyses were conducted in this study. Logistic regression established the correlation between DUI and DSC and the The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Multi-criteria decision making) method was applied to consider the scoring and explore the potential for the prevalence of DUI on the basis of 2 data sets (DUI and non DUI).

Results: The study results showed that driver error and male drivers were the 2 most significant risk factors for DUI, with the highest scores and potential for prevalence. The nonuse of restraint systems, driver experience, and driver age are the factors with a significant prediction of involvement in an accident and an insignificant prediction of DUI.

Conclusions: Following the development of the logistic prediction models for DUI drivers, testing of the model was conducted for 3 control driver groups: Car, motorcycle, and bicycle. The prediction model with a probability greater than 50% showed that 77% of car drivers were under the influence of alcohol. Similarly, the prediction percentage for motorcyclists and bicyclists amounted to 71 and 67%, respectively. The recommendation of the study is that drivers whose DUI probability is above 50% should be potentially suspected of DUI. The results of this study can help to understand the problem of DUI among specific driver categories and detect DUI drivers, with the aim of creating successful traffic safety policy.     

改良型DAT-IAT工艺脱氮除磷运行工艺研究

对DAT-IAT工艺加以改良,在DAT池前端分隔出缺氧区和厌氧区,强化了系统脱氮除磷能力。并在不同运行条件下,对改良型DAT-IAT工艺的脱氮除磷效果进行研究,得出优化条件。结果表明:DAT池溶解氧浓度在1.8².2 mg/L之间;IAT池至DAT池的污泥回流比为300%;DAT池至缺氧区的混合液回流比为40%2.2 mg/L之间;IAT池至DAT池的污泥回流比为300%;DAT池至缺氧区的混合液回流比为40%⁵0%;IAT池采用曝气1 h、沉淀1 h、排水1 h的运行工况;系统泥龄在1350%;IAT池采用曝气1 h、沉淀1 h、排水1 h的运行工况;系统泥龄在13¹6 d时,改良型工艺可以同时取得较好的脱氮和除磷效果,并且改良型工艺的脱氮除磷能力明显优于常规DAT-IAT工艺。     

胞外分泌物和天然有机物对混凝的影响

分别研究了胞外分泌物(EOM)和天然有机物(NOM)对絮凝除藻及混凝除浊的影响.实验发现,EOM对混凝有利弊双重作用,它会阻碍絮凝剂的电中和作用,只有当改性壳聚糖投加0.2 mg.L-1时藻表面电位才开始由-40.6 mV下降到-14.7 mV.但它一旦结合絮凝剂后便成为助凝剂.除浊实验发现,适宜浓度的EOM(5.18 mg.L-1)能使浊度去除率达到峰值(96%),所以EOM能提高混凝效果.而NOM则对混凝只起负面影响,加入NOM后最佳除藻及除浊率分别下降11%和18%,且絮凝剂最佳投加量分别由0.35 mg.L-1和0.1 mg.L-1上升到0.7 mg.L-1和0.3 mg.L-1,所以实际混凝除藻时,合理地利用EOM同时去除NOM是减少混凝药剂、提高混凝效果的关键.     

三维电极电化学反应器组合Fenton试剂深度处理焦化废水

采用三维电极电化学反应器组合Fenton试剂法对经过二级生化处理后的焦化废水进行深度处理。在三维电极参数一定的条件下,考察了影nfi]TOC去除率的影响因素,探讨了该反应体系的降解动力学及降解机理。正交试验结果表明,反应体系中各参数的最佳值分别为p（H202投加量）=300mg·L-1,pH3．4,反应时间为90min,c（FeS04-7H20投加量）为3．5mmol·L-1,TOC去除率可达到61．7％。焦化废水的降解反应表现为一级动力学。紫外吸收光谱分析结果,废水中有机物彻底发生了降解矿化,这为三维电极组合Fenton试剂工艺在焦化废水深度处理中的工程应用提供了一定的理论指导。     

板材类生物质燃烧及动力学特性热重研究

采用非等温升温法研究了4种板材类生物质在空气气氛下的燃烧特性和动力学特性。通过对TG、DTG等曲线的分析,发现4种板材燃烧过程均可分成3个阶段,即水分蒸发阶段、挥发份析出(或燃烧)阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段。综合燃烧特性:松木集成材>纤维密度板>夹芯胶合板>刨花板。4种板材均具有良好的燃烧特性。4种生物质燃烧均存在1个吸热峰和2个放热峰,分别与挥发分析出峰、挥发分燃烧、固定碳燃烧对应。采用Fridman法和Fridman-Carroll法分别对4种板材的动力学参数进行了计算,2种方法得出的结果符合较好。分析得出:由于生物质燃烧与环境换热、挥发分析出吸热、固定碳燃烧放热等因素作用,4种生物质的表观活化能高温区均低于低温区。动力学计算结果表明:松木集成材平均表观活化能最低,燃烧反应能较容易进行。     

Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs from Chinese iron foundries

The iron foundry industry is considered to be a potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study investigated the emission factors and total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) from iron foundries in China. The concentrations and the World Health Organization toxicity equivalents (WHO-TEQs) are presented and the congener profiles are discussed in this paper.In the present work, 26 fly ash samples were collected and tested to quantify the PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs generated by 14 plants of different scales, and five stack gas samples were collected from two (named as EFG and LFG) of those plants. The emission levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs indicated that hot-air cupolas had lower emissions than cold-air cupolas. When iron ore lump and sinter were used as raw material, the emission factors were about 250 ng TEQ t⁻¹ of product. However, if the raw material was scrap, the emission factors varied owing to the different contents of organic materials in the raw materials. It was found that the mean WHO-TEQ values of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 144 and 34.2 pg Nm⁻³ in stack gas and 20.0 and 1.58 pg g⁻¹ in fly ash. In multiple tests, it was estimated that the mean emission factors of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 365 and 10.9 ng WHO-TEQ t⁻¹ released to residue and 2719 and 555 ng TEQ t⁻¹ released to air. The total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from Chinese iron foundries with cupola furnaces released to residue and air were 16.8 and 146 g WHO-TEQ in 2008, respectively.     

Identification of magnetic particulates in road dust accumulated on roadside snow using magnetic, geochemical and micro-morphological analyses

The aim of this study is to test the applicability of snow surveying in the collection and detailed characterization of vehicle-derived magnetic particles. Road dust extracted from snow, collected near a busy urban highway and a low traffic road in a rural environment (southern Finland), was studied using magnetic, geochemical and micro-morphological analyses. Significant differences in horizontal distribution of mass specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) were noticed for both roads. Multi-domain (MD) magnetite was identified as the primary magnetic mineral. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses of road dust from both roads revealed: (1) angular-shaped particles (diameter ∼1-300 μm) mostly composed of Fe, Cr and Ni, derived from circulation of motor vehicles and (2) iron-rich spherules (d ∼ 2-70 μm). Tungsten-rich particles (d < 2 μm), derived from tyre stud abrasion were also identified. Additionally, a decreasing trend in χ and selected trace elements was observed with increasing distance from the road edge.     

Altered toxicity of organic pollutants in water originated from simultaneous exposure to UV photolysis and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

The paper reports unforeseen results of increased toxicity of water, subsequent to interactions between CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), phenol and toluene under UV irradiation. The consistent pattern of changes in measured toxicity (TU) was observed and correlated with degradation of phenol and/or toluene. Spearman rank coefficients (SRCs) for data pairs sum-parameters vs. TU were calculated. The highest correlation between toxicity and degradation by-products was observed for hydroquinone (0.86) and catechol (0.89). The presence of QDs in tested concentration range in the absence of UV has shown low toxicity and no interactions with phenol and/or toluene. The leak of constituent core and shell metal ions was observed. The minor differences in physical characteristics of tested QDs of the same chemical composition led to rather different degradation patterns of phenol and toluene, and the amount of leak of the metal ions as well.     

炼焦过程挥发性有机物排放特征及其大气化学反应活性

利用不锈钢采样罐和全自动预浓缩/GC/MS系统,在58-Ⅱ型和JN43-80型焦炉顶测试了炼焦过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)中各组分的浓度,研究了VOCs排放特征,结合OH自由基消耗速率分析了这些物质的反应活性.研究发现,在装煤时刻和炼焦过程中,58-Ⅱ型焦炉产生的总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)浓度分别为7022 μg·m-3和6266μg·m-3;JN43-80型焦炉产生的TVOCs浓度分别为4185 μg·m-3和3298μg·m-3.装煤时刻产生的TVOCs浓度明显高于炼焦过程产生的.炼焦过程(包括装煤时刻)无组织排放的VOCs,包含烯烃、烷烃、芳香烃、卤代烃以及少量的醛和酮,其中乙烯、乙烷、丙烯、苯以及甲苯等为主要成分.这些产生的VOCs反应活性各不相同,活性最大的是烯烃类物质.其活性占TVOCs反应活性比重为86.2%±2.1%;其次是芳香烃类物质,其活性比重为9.2%±3.1%;反应活性最大的5个物种分别是丙烯、乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、1-丁烯以及苯乙烯.     

渭北黄土高原苹果优质气候层带分析

本文利用元帅系苹果定位试验的品质测定资料,分析研究了苹果品质(含糖量、含酸量、硬度等)与海拔高度及其垂直气候层带的关系,认为我国渭北黄土高原海拔1000—1500m 范围的半湿润、半干旱地区,是全国苹果品质最佳的优质气候区。这一层带的气候-土壤生态条件,适宜于发展优质苹果生产和建立商品生产基地。