天然矿物材料处理印染废水的研究进展

印染废水是目前较难处理也是急需处理的工业废水。天然矿物材料通过吸附、光催化降解等作用可有效去除印染废水中的染料分子。介绍了多孔矿物、矿物／纳米半导体复合材料以及天然半导体矿物等天然矿物材料处理印染废水的研究进展。对天然矿物材料处理印染废水的研究方向进行了展望。     

New insights on the enhanced non-hydroxyl radical contribution under copper promoted TiO2/GO for the photodegradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

TiO₂/graphene oxide (GO) as photocatalyst in the photo-degradation of multitudinous pollutants has been extensively studied. But its low photocatalytic efficiency is attributed to the high band gap energy which lead to low light utilization. Cu-TiO₂/GO was synthesized via the impregnation methods to enhance the catalytic performance. The Cu-TiO₂/GO reaction rate constant for photo-degradation of pollutants (tetracycline hydrochloride, TC) was about 1.4 times that of TiO₂/GO. In 90 min, the removal ratio of Cu-TiO₂/GO for TC was 98%, and the maximum degradation ratio occurred at pH 5. After five cycles, the removal ratio of Cu-TiO₂/GO still exceeded 98%. UV–visible adsorption spectra of Cu-TiO₂/GO showed that its band gap was narrower than TiO₂/GO. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra test illustrated the generation rate of ?O₂^? and ?OH was higher in Cu-TiO₂/GO system than TiO₂/GO and TiO₂ system. The contribution sequence of oxidative species was ?O₂^? > holes (h⁺) > ?OH in both TiO₂/GO and Cu-TiO₂/GO system. Interestingly, the contribution of ?OH in Cu-TiO₂/GO was less than that in TiO₂/GO during the photo-degradation process. This phenomenon was attributed to the better adsorption performance of Cu-TiO₂/GO which could reduce the accessibility of TC to ?OH in liquid. The enhanced non?hydroxyl radical contribution could be attributed to that the more other active species or sites on (nearby) the surface of Cu-TiO₂/GO generated after doping Cu. These results provide a new perspective for the tradition metal-doped conventional catalysts to enhance the removal of organic pollutants in the environment.     

垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物组分粒径分布特征

本研究采用静电低压撞击器(ELPI)采集垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物,分析颗粒物中元素和碳组分,对其中OC、EC和重金属元素在14个粒径段的粒径特征进行分析,并建立了垃圾焚烧厂源PM_1、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的元素和碳组分成分谱,以期为精细化来源解析提供参考.结果表明,垃圾焚烧厂排放颗粒物的主要组分有Al、Si、S、Ca、Cr、Fe、OC和EC等(质量分数≥1%),其中OC和Ca的含量较高,在PM_(2.5)中的质量分数分别为10. 15%和12. 37%;重金属含量Cr Pb Zn Mn Cu Cd Ni,其中Cr和Pb在PM_(2.5)中的质量分数分别为1. 83%和0. 74%,Cr在PM_1中的质量分数达到3. 53%; OC在2. 39～3. 99μm和6. 68～9. 91μm这2个粒径段的含量达到峰值,分别占OC总含量的15. 02%和20. 45%,但在细颗粒物中的含量高于在粗颗粒物中的含量,EC在细颗粒物中的含量远高于在粗颗粒物中的含量,在0. 382～0. 613μm粒径段占14. 8%; Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等重金属元素主要富集于细颗粒中.     

轻型柴油车实际道路瞬时排放模拟研究

系统介绍了CMEM模型及其计算原理.以轻型柴油车为研究对象,给出了模型的主要输入参数,并计算了车辆在实际道路上的瞬时排放结果,并根据实测数据对模拟结果进行了验证.测试车辆的CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放因子为0.81、0.61、2.09和193 g·km-1,相同线路模拟所得的排放因子分别为0.75、0.47、2.47和212 g·km-1,相关系数分别达到0.69、0.69、0.75和0.72.通过模拟发现,轻型柴油车在实际道路微观区域内的排放水平随交通条件和行驶状态波动明显,采用CMEM模型能够较好地反映该车排放随行驶工况的瞬时变化趋势.应用CMEM模拟发现,改善典型交叉口区域的交通条件后,轻型柴油车在模拟区域内的CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放量分别削减了50%、47%、45%和44%,排放改善效果显著.从研究结果来看,利用微观尺度模型来分析混合车流在一些典型交通区域的瞬时排放变化是必要的,也是可行的,对于评价道路交通规划的环境效果具有一定的指导意义.     

某铬渣堆场周边土壤地下水Cr~(6+)污染特征研究

通过采集某铬渣堆场周边不同距离、深度的土壤和地下水样品,研究了铬渣堆场周边土壤、地下水中六价铬的分布特征和污染状况,通过数据分析确定了铬渣堆场周边受铬污染的地下水和土壤的范围及污染程度,判断污染边界,为后续场地污染治理提供了基础资料。结果表明:铬渣堆场周边土壤地下水已受到严重铬污染,必须尽快采取有效措施对其进行治理修复,以保证当地的农业生产和人体健康。     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.     

Comparative toxicity of imidacloprid, of its commercial liquid formulation and of diazinon to a non-target arthropod, the microcrustacean Daphnia magna

Imidacloprid (IMI) is at the moment the insecticide with the world's fastest growing sales and is considered possible replacement for the widely used organophosphorus pesticide, diazinon, which is subject to phased revocation in many countries. In this study, biochemical, reproductive and survival parameters of the water flea (Daphnia magna) after chronic exposure to IMI, its commercial liquid formulation Confidor SL 200 and diazinon are presented and compared. According to the lowest observed effect concentrations, diazinon is more toxic to the reproduction of D. magna than IMI and Confidor SL 200, which exert similar toxicity. The same was observed for the survival, except that Confidor SL 200 is more toxic than IMI. In polluted aquatic environments, the actual levels of diazinon are potentially chronically hazardous to the reproduction of D. magna (risk quotient >1). According to very few measured environmental levels of IMI, the latter is not expected to be chronically hazardous, unless it is accidentally spilled in a small pond. In such case, the predicted concentrations of IMI would present a potential chronic risk to D. magna, and a potential acute risk to other aquatic invertebrates. In the future, higher environmental levels of IMI are expected due to its increasing use and physico-chemical properties. The literature survey summarized in this work suggests that further ecotoxicological studies with a broader spectrum of aquatic organisms are needed before IMI is classified as safer than currently applied pesticides.     

Radiocaesium activity concentrations in potatoes in Croatia after the Chernobyl accident and dose assessment

Systematic investigations of (137)Cs and (134)Cs activity concentrations in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) for the post-Chernobyl period (1986-2005) in the Republic of Croatia are summarized. The correlation between (137)Cs activity concentrations in fallout and potatoes, has been found to be very good, the correlation coefficient being r = 0.88 with P(t) < 0.001 for 18 degrees of freedom. As the radiocaesium levels in potatoes decreased exponentially, the mean residence time of (137)Cs in potatoes was estimated by fitting the measured activity concentrations to the exponential curve. The mean residence time was found to be 6.8 +/- 1.1 years, the standard deviation being estimated by the Monte Carlo simulations. The initial observed (134)Cs:(137)Cs activity ratio in potatoes has been found to be quite variable, but slightly lesser than the theoretically predicted value of 0.5, calculated by applying the known inventory of these radionuclides in the Chernobyl reactor to the equation for the differential radioactive decay. This can be explained by presence of the pre-Chernobyl (137)Cs in soil that originated from nuclear fallout. The annual effective doses received by (134)Cs and (137)Cs intake due to consumption of potatoes estimated for an adult member of the Croatian population were found to be very small, as the per caput Dose for the entire 1986-2005 period was calculated to be about 2.9 microSv, (134)Cs accounting approximately for 1/3 of the entire dose. Therefore, after the Chernobyl accident consumption of potatoes was not the critical pathway for human intake of radiocaesium from the environment in Croatia.     

Feasibility assessment of electrocoagulation towards a new sustainable wastewater treatment

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Electrocoagulation (EC) may be a potential answer to environmental problems dealing with water reuse and rational waste management. The aim of this research was to assess the feasibility of EC-process for industrial contaminated effluents from copper production, taking into consideration technical and economical factors. EC-technology claims to offer efficient removal rates for most types of wastewater impurities at low power consumption and without adding any precipitating agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Real wastewater from Saraka stream with high concentrations of heavy metals was provided by RTB-BOR, a Serbian copper mining and smelting complex. Runs were performed on a 10 l EC-reactor using aluminum plates as sacrificial electrodes and powered by a 40 A supply unit. Results concerning key factors like pH, conductivity and power consumption were measured in real time. Analysis of dissolved metal concentrations before and after treatment were carried out via ICP-OES and confirmed by an independent test via AAS. RESULTS: Several aspects were taken into account, including current density, conductivity, interfacial resistivity and reactor settings throughout the runs, in order to analyze all possible factors playing a role in neutralization and metal removal in real industrial wastewater. DISCUSSION: Electrode configurations and their effects on energy demand were discussed and exemplified based on fundamentals of colloidal and physical chemistry. CONCLUSIONS: Based on experimental data and since no precipitating agents were applied, the EC-process proved to be not only feasible and environmentally-friendly, but also a cost-effective technology RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The EC-technology provides strategic guidelines for further research and development of sustainable water management processes. However, additional test series concerning continuous operation must be still performed in order to get this concept ready for future large-scale applications.