2035年美丽中国建设目标及路径机制研究

建设美丽中国,建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化,是中国特色社会主义现代化建设的重要基础与主要内容。本文通过文献分析、对标分析、模型预测等方法,识别了美丽中国建设的科学内涵及特征要求,分析美丽中国建设中长期面临的形势,基于到2035年达到中等发达国家水平、人均GDP翻一番的目标,对标发达国家以及浙江、广东等国内先进地区,构建了美丽中国建设的目标指标体系框架,并从绿色发展、气候变化、生态环境质量、环境治理体系与治理能力等方面,设计美丽中国建设生态环境保护的总体框架与主要路径,提出美丽中国建设的规划建议。     

Ni2+改性的Cu-ZSM-5催化分解NO的性能

研究Ni2+改性的Cu-ZSM-5催化剂在无氧和有氧气氛下的NO分解反应性能,考察Ni2+的加入量及加入方式对Cu-ZSM-5催化剂NO分解活性的影响.结果表明,先交换适量Ni2+再交换Cu2+的Ni-Cu-ZSM-5催化剂较单组分Cu ZSM-5催化剂有较高的高温(500℃～600℃)NO分解活性.在含5.5%O2的反应气氛中,Ni-Cu-ZSM-5在500℃下的NO分解率较之Cu-ZSM-5高出约20%,Ni2+的引入显著提高了催化剂的抗氧活性.就Ni2+对Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的可能改性机制进行了讨论.     

Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water using magnetic ion exchange resin

The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment has recently raised serious concern regarding their potential threat to aquatic ecosystem and human health. In this study, the magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resin was applied for removing three commonly-used antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole(SMX), tetracycline(TCN) and amoxicillin(AMX) from water.The results of batch experiments show that the maximum adsorption capacities on the MIEX resin for SMX, TCN and AMX were 789.32, 443.18 and 155.15 μg/m L at 25°C,respectively, which were 2–7 times that for the powdered activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics of antibiotics on the MIEX resin could be simulated by the pseudo-second-order model(R~2= 0.99), and the adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir model(R~2= 0.97). Solution p H exhibited a remarkable impact on the adsorption process and the absorbed concentrations of the tested antibiotics were obtained around the neutral p H.The MIEX resin could be easily regenerated by 2 mol/L Na Cl solution and maintained high adsorption removal for the tested antibiotics after regeneration. Anion exchange mechanism mainly controlled the adsorption of antibiotic and the formation of hydrogen binding between the antibiotic and resin can also result in the increase of adsorption capacity. The high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption rate and prominent reusability make the MIEX resin a potential adsorbent in the application for removing antibiotics from water.     

Fenton process for degradation of selected chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons exemplified by trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene and chloroform

The degradation of selected chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) exemplified by trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE), and chloroform (CF) was investigated with Fenton oxidation process. The results indicate that the degradation rate was primarily affected by the chemical structures of organic contaminants. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) preferred to attack the organic contaminants with an electron-rich structure such as chlorinated alkenes (i.e., TCE and DCE). The dosing mode of Fenton’s reagent, particularly of Fe²⁺, significantly affected the degradation efficiency of studied organic compound. A new “time-squared” kinetic model, C = C _o exp(−k _obs t ²), was developed to express the degradation kinetics of selected CAHs. This model was applicable to TCE and DCE, but inapplicable to CF due to their varied reaction rate constants towards ?OH. Chloride release was monitored to examine the degree of dechlorination during the oxidation of selected CAHs. TCE was more easily dechlorinated thanDCE and CF.Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was identified as the major reaction intermediate in the oxidation of TCE, which could be completely removed as the reaction proceeded. No reaction intermediates or byproducts were identified in the oxidation of DCE and CF. Based on the identified intermediate, the reaction mechanism of TCE with Fenton’s reagent was proposed.     

纺织印染废水及其底泥对太湖花早期发育的毒性研究

在(25±1)℃水温条件下,以纺织印染废水及其底泥水提液为试验相,采用半静止式生物毒性试验法,分析了纺织印染废水及其底泥对太湖花早期发育阶段的影响,计算了印染废水和底泥水提液对花早期发育各阶段的无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)、可观察效应浓度(LOEC)、可允许毒物浓度(MATC)、半数效应浓度(EC50)、LD50和安全浓度.结果表明,高浓度纺织印染废水和底泥水提液对花的胚胎发育和仔鱼具有明显的毒性效应,对初孵仔鱼的毒性效应最大,96h半数致死剂量(LD50)分别为19.61%和44.83%.胚胎发育前期对纺织印染废水及其底泥水提液的敏感性高于胚胎发育后期.印染废水和底泥水提液对花早期发育的各个阶段均有一定的致死和致畸毒性作用,且随着浓度的不断增加,花受精卵孵化率降低,胚胎发育延缓、畸形及仔鱼运动性差、死亡率增高.     

亚硫酸氢根活化高锰酸根氧化富里酸对消毒副产物生成势的影响

考察了高锰酸钾/亚硫酸氢钠(PM/BS)氧化体系对天然有机物(NOM)组分富里酸(FA)的结构变化及消毒副产物(DBPs)生成势的影响.通过紫外-可见光谱、总有机碳(TOC)、三维荧光光谱对FA结构变化进行了表征.结果发现,经PM/BS预氧化之后,PM的光谱特征峰及FA的荧光强度峰均消失.三氯甲烷(TCM)及二氯乙腈(DCAN)分别是FA生成的主要的含碳及含氮类DBPs.在PM单独氧化中,TCM与DCAN的浓度随PM投加量的增大都呈现先略微上升后下降的趋势;而在PM/BS体系中,随着PM/BS投加量的增大,TCM的浓度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而DCAN的浓度则显著上升.反应pH也显著影响FA的DBPs生成势,在PM体系中,除TCM和DCAN外其他DBPs(1,1-二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)、1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)、三氯乙腈(TCAN)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM))浓度总体随pH的增大而下降.在PM/BS体系中,随着pH的升高,C-DBPs及N-DBPs总浓度总体呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,pH 7.5时达到最大值.在pH 7.5时,无预氧化的条件下生成的TCM浓度约为100.7μg·L~(-1),DCAN浓度约为7.5μg·L~(-1);在PM预氧化条件下二者浓度分别为127.5μg·L~(-1)和9.7μg·L~(-1);而在PM/BS预氧化条件下生成的TCM高达217.1μg·L~(-1),DCAN为9.3μg·L~(-1).PM/BS氧化工艺在加速降解微量有机物的同时,亦将改变NOM结构,进而有可能提升NOM的DBPs生成势,在实际工程应用中应予以关注.     

Degradation of micropolluants in flow-through VUV/UV/H2O2 reactors: Effects of H2O2 dosage and reactor internal diameter

The degradation of atrazine (ATZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and metoprolol (MET) in flow-through VUV/UV/H₂O₂ reactors was investigated with a focus on the effects of H₂O₂ dosage and reactor internal diameter (ID). Results showed that the micropollutants were degraded efficiently in the flow-through VUV/UV/H₂O₂ reactors following the pseudo first-order kinetics (R² > 0.92). However, the steady-state assumption (SSA) kinetic model being vital in batch reactors was found invalid in flow-through reactors where fluid mixing was less sufficient. With the increase of H₂O₂ dosage, the ATZ removal efficiency remained almost constant while the SMX and MET removal was enhanced to different extents, which could be explained by the different reactivities of the pollutants towards HO^?. A larger reactor ID resulted in lower degradation rate constants for all the three pollutants on account of the lower average fluence rate, but the change in energy efficiency was much more complicated. In reality, the electrical energy per order (E_EO) of the investigated VUV/UV/H₂O₂ treatments ranged between 0.14–0.20, 0.07–0.14 and 0.09–0.26 kWh/m³/order for ATZ, SMX and MET, respectively, with the lowest E_EO for each pollutant obtained under varied H₂O₂ dosages and reactor IDs. This study has demonstrated the efficiency of VUV/UV/H₂O₂ process for micropollutant removal and the inadequacy of the SSA model in flow-through reactors, and elaborated the influential mechanisms of H₂O₂ dosage and reactor ID on the reactor performances.     

复合人工湿地对城市受污染河水的净化效果

采用2种复合人工湿地系统处理昆明市城市河流污水,为期1年的运行结果表明:2种复合人工湿地系统对城市河流污水具有良好的污染物去除性能,TN、TP、COD和SS的月平均去除率分别达到50%、85%、85%和80%以上;2种复合人工湿地系统具有良好的耐冲击性,季节变化对出水水质不存在显著影响。其中,垂直上行流复合人工湿地系统性能更优于垂直上行流与水平流复合人工湿地系统;强降雨会对复合人工湿地出水水质造成一定的影响。     

城市污水处理厂污水及污泥中典型药物及其代谢产物的定量检测

基于超声溶剂萃取、固相萃取和超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术（UPLC-MS/MS）,建立了一种适用于城市污水处理厂污水和污泥中2种典型药物（磺胺甲恶唑和卡马西平）及其5种代谢产物的同步分析方法.污水样品添加硫酸酸化、Na₂EDTA络合金属离子后经固相萃取富集净化;污泥样品通过甲醇/0.2 mol·L^-1柠檬酸溶液（1：1,体积比）超声萃取后经固相萃取富集净化.采用UPLC-MS/MS电喷雾电离源在多反应监测模式下进行目标物的定量分析.结果表明,在优化条件下,7种目标物标准曲线的线性可决系数（R²）均大于0.99,方法回收率为74%~217%,日内与日间相对标准偏差稳定（RSD<20%）,污水定量限为0.17~2.42 ng·L^-1,污泥定量限为0.20~2.85 μg·kg^-1.将该方法成功应用于两家城市污水处理厂样品中,除N-AcSMX外其余6种目标物被检出,其在污水和污泥中的浓度分别为3.92（SMX-DG）~667（LCBZ）ng·L^-1和0.41（2OH-CBZ）~2.74（CBZ）μg·kg^-1.     

磷灰石等改良剂对土壤-黑麦草系统中铜行为的影响

以黑麦草作为修复植物,开展了石灰、磷灰石、木炭、猪粪等4种改良剂对重金属Cu污染土壤的田间原位修复研究.结果表明,改良剂提高了土壤pH值并促进土壤Cu从可利用态向潜在可利用态和不可利用态转化,以降低对生物和环境的直接毒害作用,促进黑麦草的生长.以黑麦草生物量和Cu富集量作为评价指标,添加改良剂的4种处理修复Cu污染土壤...