印制电路板制造业结构优化调整思路探讨

以某典型城市为例,调查印制电路板制造业的经济技术发展现状和污染防治水平,分析该行业的对经济发展的带动作用、对电子信息业的配套作用和对环境的污染影响。在此基础上,提出产业调整思路和淘汰退出机制建议,以期为类似的重污染行业产业政策制定提供决策参考。     

An insight into the removal of fluoroquinolones in activated sludge process: Sorption and biodegradation characteristics

The detailed sorption steps and biodegradation characteristics of fluoroquinolones(FQs)including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin were investigated through batch experiments. The results indicate that FQs at a total concentration of 500 μg/L caused little inhibition of sludge bioactivity. Sorption was the primary removal pathway of FQs in the activated sludge process, followed by biodegradation, while hydrolysis and volatilization were negligible. FQ sorption on activated sludge was a reversible process governed by surface reaction. Henry and Freundlich models could describe the FQ sorption isotherms well in the concentration range of 100–300 μg/L. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that FQ sorption on activated sludge is spontaneous, exothermic, and enthalpy-driven. Hydrophobicity-independent mechanisms determined the FQ sorption affinity with activated sludge. The zwitterion of FQs had the strongest sorption affinity, followed by cation and anion, and aerobic condition facilitated FQ sorption. FQs were slowly biodegradable, with long half-lives( 100 hr). FQ biodegradation was enhanced with increasing temperature and under aerobic condition,and thus was possibly achieved through co-metabolism during nitrification. This study provides an insight into the removal kinetics and mechanism of FQs in the activated sludge process, but also helps assess the environmental risks of FQs resulting from sludge disposal.     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from Fuhe River and Baiyangdian Lake, North China

Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE). The concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in sediments ranged from 5.5 to 300.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 68.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Their levels in sediments in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake. Compared to data from other regions, the PBDE levels in surface sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River were in the medium to lower range. Among the PBDE congeners, BDE209 was predominant, with contributions to the total PBDEs ranging from 79.4% to 97.3% in sediment samples. For the lowly brominated congeners (tri- to hepta-BDE), BDE47 and BDE99 were the most abundant, which contributed 52.1% and 44.1% to the sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs in the sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River, respectively. The compositional patterns of PBDEs in Baiyangdian Lake sediments indicated that technical deca-BDE mixture was the major pollutant sources with a minor contribution of penta-BDE mixture. The present study suggested that the importance of Fuhe River as a possibly potential sources of PBDEs contamination in Baiyangdian Lake.     

基于贝叶斯公式的地下水污染源识别

将贝叶斯公式与地下水二维水质对流-扩散方程相耦合,建立依靠监测井监测值的地下水污染源参数（污染源强度M、排放位置（X₀,Y₀）和排放时刻T₀）反演模型.针对监测井监测值信息量不充分或者监测值与模型参数关联性较弱的问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯公式与信息熵的监测井优化设计方法.构建一个污染物在承压含水层中瞬时排放的算例,在确定单井监测及监测次数条件下,以监测井位置D及监测频率Dt的优化为目标,分别进行模型参数后验分布信息熵最小的单目标监测方案优化,以及信息熵最小且监测耗时最短的多目标监测方案优化.依据优化后的监测方案采用延迟拒绝自适应Metropolis算法进行污染源参数反演识别.算例研究表明：在预设定单井监测,且监测次数为5次条件下,单目标优化后的监测方案为D=（830.2,199.8）,△t=2.7,在此监测方案下,4个污染源参数M,X₀,Y₀,T₀的反演均值误差分别为19.5%、13.2%、3.4%、1.3%;多目标优化后的监测方案为D=（807.9,199.4）,△t=1.2,在此监测方案下,4个污染源参数M,X₀,Y₀,T₀的反演均值误差分别为19.9%、13.4%、3.7%、4.2%.与基于单目标优化的监测方案的反演结果相比,基于多目标优化的监测方案条件下,污染源参数的反演均值误差虽分别增加了0.4%、0.2%、0.3%、2.9%,但监测时间却显著缩短了55.6%.     

基于贝叶斯公式的地下水污染源及含水层参数同步反演

针对非均质地下含水层污染源识别及含水层参数反演过程中监测方案优化问题,提出一种基于贝叶斯公式及信息熵最小的累进加井的多井监测方案优化方法.首先,构建假想案例下的二维非均质各向同性潜水含水层水流及溶质运移模型,运用GMS软件进行数值模拟求解.采用最优拉丁超立方抽样方法和Kriging法建立数值模拟模型的替代模型.然后以参数后验分布的信息熵最小为目标函数,采用累进加井的方式进行多井监测方案优化设计.最后根据优化后的监测方案,采用差分进化自适应Metropolis算法进行污染源及含水层参数的同步反演.算例研究表明：在兼顾反演精度及监测成本,并保证每个参数分区内至少有1眼监测井的条件下,5眼井组合监测方案（6,5,1,2,8）为最优监测方案.与信息熵最小的10眼井组合监测方案（1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10）的参数反演结果相比,5眼井组合监测方案对11个参数α=（X_S,Y_S,T₁,T₂,Q_s,K₁,K₂,K₃,DL₁,DL₂,DL₃）的后验均值偏离率的平均值虽增大1.2%,但监测成本却是10眼井组合监测方案的50%.     

Long-term stability and risk assessment of copper and cadmium in a smelter-impacted soil treated by four amendments

In an effort to address public concerns of the long-term stability and ecological risk reduction of Cu and Cd in a farmland located at the Guixi, Jiangxi Province, China, containing ～ 800?mg?kg^?1 Cu and 0.8?mg?kg^?1 Cd soil, were treated in situ by attapulgite, apatite, montmorillonite and lime at the rate: 10, 10, 10 and 4?g?kg^?1 soil, respectively. Field experiment consisted of 2?×?3-m plots arranged in a randomised complete block design with each treatment. Soil and plant samples were collected in sixth years post-treatments and analysed for Cu and Cd bioaccessibility, chemical fraction and Cu, Cd concentration in plant tissue. The results indicated that the apatite and lime treatments significantly reduced bioaccessible and exchangeable fractions Cu and Cd in the soil at sixth years post the treatments. Cu and Cd concentration in plant tissue was positively related to the bioaccessibility of Cu and Cd. The treatment used 10?g apatite kg^?1 soil appeared to be most effective for overall risk reduction. The Cu and Cd stabilisation and risk reduction by the apatite treatments were accomplished by the induced transformation of labile Cu and Cu species to relatively insoluble forms. This study illustrated that in situ Cu and Cd stabilisation by apatite would be long-term and ecologically safe, which could safeguard human health and ecosystem from Cu and Cd contamination in mining areas.     

生活垃圾堆肥恶臭气体的生物滴滤净化性能研究

城市生活垃圾生物处理过程中会产生并散发大量的恶臭物质. 以纤维表面活性炭(ACOF)生物滴滤器(BTF)为载体,以进气风量及循环液流量为调控参数,对城市生活垃圾生化预处理过程中散发的恶臭气体进行现场试验. 结果表明:高气力负荷时,生物滴滤器对恶臭气体具有较好的净化效果.在空塔气速为1 274 m/h,液气比为1 L/m3左右时,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的去除率可保持在70%以上,而臭气浓度的去除率也大于70%,设备压降为2 150 Pa左右,总挥发性有机物(以异丁烯计)的消除能力可达130 g/(m3·h). BTF运行过程中压降保持相对稳定,循环液中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₃-N)未出现明显的累积现象,说明BTF对于污染物有良好的降解能力.      

太湖流域源头南苕溪河口生态工程恢复及其初期水质净化效应

针对太湖流域源头溪流农业面源污染严重和生态拦截净化较弱的问题,采用生态工程措施于南苕溪人青山湖水库河口处对河道进行恢复.综合考虑山溪性河流水文水动力特征,通过构建、稳定和保护河口与滨岸带生态系统实现河道恢复目标.所采用关键技术包括:合金钢网石兜抛石技术、深潭-浅滩/塘-洼地组合净化技术、分流沙嘴技术、T-型乱石抛筑透水坝技术、河岸侵蚀面防侵蚀的浅滩沙洲场技术、植被缓冲带技术、水生植物恢复技术等.对河口生态工程区进行连续9个月的监测结果显示,工程区上段浅滩及分流沙嘴区能有效复氧,提升pH值并降低电导率,同时对总磷、活性磷和悬浮颗粒物有较好的去除效果;中段深潭区通过强化的微生物活性能有效去除铵态氮与亚硝态氮;下游T-型坝能较好地拦截并沉积河口冲刷物质,但需对其定期清理以防引发二次污染.河口生态工程运行初期较好地改善了河道结构并提升了河流自净能力,对河流生态恢复最具指示作用的水质指标溶解氧饱和度、铵态氮去除率在工程实施后较工程实施前平均分别提高了14.5％、14.7％.     

不同地理种群紫茎泽兰种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG(6000)溶液模拟水分胁迫条件,通过相对发芽率、萌发抗旱指数、活力指数3个指标,研究了14个不同地理种群紫茎泽兰(EupatoriumadenophorumSpreng.)的耐旱能力,并采用模糊隶属法用上述3个指标对14个不同种群的耐旱性进行综合评价.结果表明,LP、PZH、YJ种群较为耐旱,耐旱隶属函数总平均值分别0.766、0.689、0.658,SM种群则较为敏感,耐旱隶属函数总平均值为0.065.图2表3参23     

Concurrent adsorption and reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III) using nitrogen-doped porous carbon adsorbent derived from loofah sponge

• A high-efficiency N-doped porous carbon adsorbent for Cr(VI) was synthesized. • The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) reached up to 285.71 mg/g at 318K. • The potential mechanism for Cr(VI) adsorption by NHPC was put forward. • DFT analyzed the adsorption energy and interaction between NHPC and Cr(VI). To develop highly effective adsorbents for chromium removal, a nitrogen-doped biomass-derived carbon (NHPC) was synthesized via direct carbonation of loofah sponge followed by alkali activation and doping modification. NHPC possessed a hierarchical micro-/mesoporous lamellar structure with nitrogen-containing functional groups (1.33 at%), specific surface area (1792.47 m²/g), and pore volume (1.18 cm³/g). NHPC exhibited a higher Cr(VI) adsorption affinity than the HPC (without nitrogen doping) or the pristine loofah sponge carbon (LSC) did. The influence of process parameters, including pH, dosage, time, temperature, and Cr(VI) concentration, on Cr(VI) adsorption by NHPC were evaluated. The Cr(VI) adsorption kinetics matched with the pseudo-second-order model (R²≥0.9983). The Cr(VI) adsorption isotherm was fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model, which indicated the maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacities: 227.27, 238.10, and 285.71 mg/g at 298K, 308K, and 318K, respectively. The model analysis also indicated that adsorption of Cr(VI) on NHPC was a spontaneous, endothermal, and entropy-increasing process. The Cr(VI) adsorption process potentially involved mixed reductive and adsorbed mechanism. Furthermore, computational chemistry calculations revealed that the adsorption energy between NHPC and Cr(VI) (−0.84 eV) was lower than that of HPC (−0.51 eV), suggesting that nitrogen doping could greatly enhance the interaction between NHPC and Cr(VI).