村镇生活垃圾重金属含量及其来源分析

对全国12个省份72个典型村镇的生活垃圾进行采样调查,系统分析我国村镇生活垃圾中重金属污染特征及其可能来源.结果表明,我国北方典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别为(7.51±8.89)、(0.64±0.42)、(21.91±12.29)、(4.82±8.37)、(86.36±59.99)、(36.43±15.98)、(62.19±36.61)和(46.07±25.22)mg·kg-1,南方典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别为(7.43±8.82)、(0.83±0.74)、(21.62±13.76)、(1.84±4.55)、(131.06±74.96)、(37.20±16.80)、(98.04±63.71)和(46.75±25.75)mg·kg-1.与《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB 8172-87)和《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)二级标准相比,重金属Cd和Hg超标较严重.通过聚类分析、Pearson相关分析和主成分分析解析垃圾中重金属污染物的来源,结果表明我国典型村镇生活垃圾中Pb和Cd主要来源于厨余、灰土、橡塑类和纸质等印刷品,Hg主要来源于厨余和灰土,Zn和Cr主要来源于灰土,Cu主要来源于电子、电池类废弃物和尘土、橡塑、纸质等印刷品,Ni主要来源于废弃的电子、电池类产品,As主要来源于杀虫剂等农药和肥料.     

乙虫腈悬浮剂对新出房意大利蜜蜂的毒性研究

乙虫腈是在我国登记并广泛使用的氟虫腈替代药剂,其商品化制剂为拜尔公司研发的100 g·L~(-1)悬浮剂,目前关于乙虫腈制剂对非靶标生物的毒性研究少有报道。为探究乙虫腈制剂对蜜蜂的毒性作用,采用人工饲喂法分别测定了100 g·L~(-1)乙虫腈悬浮剂对新出房意大利蜜蜂的48 h急性和14 d慢性毒性作用。结果显示:乙虫腈悬浮剂对新出房意大利蜜蜂的48 hLC_(50)值为0.21 mg·L~(-1)(95%置信限0.16～0.26 mg·L~(-1)),相应的48 h-LD50为5.0×10~(-3)μg a.i.·蜂~(-1)(95%置信限1.0×10~(-3)～1.0×10~(-2)μg a.i.·蜂~(-1));在亚致死剂量下,蜜蜂死亡数量随暴露时间的延长而增多,且100 g·L~(-1)乙虫腈悬浮剂会引起蜜蜂显著的氧化应激反应,诱导抗氧化酶SOD和CAT活力、脂质过氧化产物MDA含量、解毒酶GST活力和底物GSH含量的显著变化。研究表明,乙虫腈悬浮剂对意大利蜜蜂毒性较高,即使在亚致死剂量下亦存在显著的影响。田间施用应防止药剂的漂移污染,并避免在作物花期施用;新出房意大利蜜蜂对药剂敏感,未来可探索其作为风险指示生物应用的可能。     

Mn2+协同过二硫酸钠电催化体系对茜素红与酸性蓝80的降解性能研究

以酸性蓝80(AB80)与茜素红(AR)配制的两种模拟染料废水为处理对象,分析Mn2+与过二硫酸钠(PDS)浓度、初始pH和电流密度等因素对Mn2+协同PDS电催化体系降解两种染料的影响,并探讨其降解机理.结果表明,该体系降解AR和AB80的最佳初始pH(3)和Mn2+摩尔浓度(40μmol/L)相同,AR比AB80更...     

Study on the measurement and the changing trend of the energy use of China’s economic sectors: based on cross-region input-output model

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The consumption of fossil energy is the major cause of environmental pollution. Effectively reducing the fossil energy use has important significance...     

Glyphosate application increased catabolic activity of gram-negative bacteria but impaired soil fungal community

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Glyphosate is a non-selective organophosphate herbicide that is widely used in agriculture, but its effects on soil microbial communities are highly...     

飞行员人因可靠性定量预测

为有效预测飞行员的人因可靠性,以保障飞行安全,基于认知可靠性与失误分析法(CREAM)的扩展法,建立飞行员人因可靠性定量预测模型。依据飞行员的任务特点,调整认知行为及认知功能。通过优化共同绩效条件(CPC)因子水平等级,并增加新的因子,改进CPC因子依赖规则,用于修正因子的初始评估结果,解决扩展法未考虑因子间关系的问题,从而完成模型的建立。利用回看分析法验证模型的有效性,采用所建立的模型和扩展法分别对已发生的飞行案例进行预测,并与实际发生结果对比分析。结果表明,与扩展法相比,采用飞行员定量预测模型得到的预测结果与案例发生结果所反映的控制模式更为匹配。     

Progress in the ecology and conservation of giant pandas

Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) conservation is a possible success story in the making. If extinction of this iconic endangered species can be avoided, the species will become a showcase program for the Chinese government and its collaborators. We reviewed the major advancements in ecological science for the giant panda, examining how these advancements have contributed to panda conservation. Pandas’ morphological and behavioral adaptations to a diet of bamboo, which bear strong influence on movement ecology, have been well studied, providing knowledge to guide management actions ranging from reserve design to climate change mitigation. Foraging ecology has also provided essential information used in the creation of landscape models of panda habitat. Because habitat loss and fragmentation are major drivers of the panda population decline, efforts have been made to help identify core habitat areas, establish where habitat corridors are needed, and prioritize areas for protection and restoration. Thus, habitat models have provided guidance for the Chinese governments’ creation of 67 protected areas. Behavioral research has revealed a complex and efficient communication system and documented the need for protection of habitat that serves as a communication platform for bringing the sexes together for mating. Further research shows that den sites in old‐growth forests may be a limiting resource, indicating potential value in providing alternative den sites for rearing offspring. Advancements in molecular ecology have been revolutionary and have been applied to population census, determining population structure and genetic diversity, evaluating connectivity following habitat fragmentation, and understanding dispersal patterns. These advancements form a foundation for increasing the application of adaptive management approaches to move panda conservation forward more rapidly. Although the Chinese government has made great progress in setting aside protected areas, future emphasis will be improved management of pandas and their habitat.     

离子色谱法测定饮用水和面包中的溴酸根

选用ＡＳ９－ＨＣ高容量阴离子交换色谱柱,不需处理除去干扰离子,可直接进样。测定了两种水样,其中一种检出溴酸根,方法检出根０．００５ｍｇ．１＾－１水样加标回收率９１．３－９３．４％。采用全新的自动化样品处理技术－加速溶剂萃取萃取面包中的溴酸根。经ＡＳ９－ＳＣ阴离子交换色谱柱分离,选择最佳淋洗条件。电导检测,方法检 ０．０７ｍｇ．１＾－１,对十二种市售包进行测定,均未检出溴酸根,样品加标回收率７９．９