微量元素对柠檬酸废水发酵回用的影响

本文研究了微量元素Cu2 、Fe2 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Mg2 和PO3-4 对柠檬酸中和废水发酵的影响。在经过“碱沉淀—离子交换法 (AIE法 )”处理后的废水培养基中分别加入 1× 1 0 -8g/mlMn2 、1× 1 0 -7g/mlZn2 、1× 1 0 -6 g/mlMg2 、1× 1 0 -5g/mlCu2 和 1 .5× 1 0 -2 g/mlPO3-4使产酸依次提高 2 .8%、9.0 %、1 0 .5 %、8.3%、7.2 %和 3.4 %。Fe2 的加入降低了柠檬酸产量。     

Effect of composite amendments on physicochemical properties of copper tailings repaired by herbaceous plants

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Phytoremediation is considered to be the most environmentally friendly green restoration technology for dealing with mine waste. Adding amendments can...     

Shaping effects of rice,wheat, maize,and soybean seedlings on their rhizosphere microbial community

The rhizosphere microbiome plays critical roles in plant growth and is an important interface for resource exchange between plants and the soil environment. Crops at various growing stages, especially the seedling stage, have strong shaping effects on the rhizosphere microbial community, and such community reconstruction will positively feed back to the plant growth. In the present study, we analyzed the variations of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of four crop species: rice, soybean, maize, and wheat during successive cultivations (three repeats for the seedling stages) using 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) high-throughput sequencing. We found that the relative abundances of specific microorganisms decreased after different cultivation times, e.g., Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, and Caulobacter, which have been reported as plant-growth beneficial bacteria. The relative abundances of potential plant pathogenic fungi Myrothecium and Ascochyta increased with the successive cultivation times. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that the bacterial and fungal communities under maize were much more stable than those under rice, soybean, and wheat. The present study explored the characteristics of bacteria and fungi in crop seedling rhizosphere and indicated that the characteristics of indigenous soil flora might determine the plant growth status. Further study will focus on the use of the critical microorganisms to control the growth and yield of specific crops.

     

不同共代谢基质下四氯乙烯厌氧生物降解研究

分别用葡萄糖、乳酸盐和醋酸盐作为驯化好的厌氧污泥的共代谢基质 ,对四氯乙烯 ( PCE)的降解进行研究。结果表明 ,PCE是通过还原脱氯发生生物降解的。实验的回归结果表明 ,反应均符合一级动力学方程 ;反应速率常数的大小依次为 k乳酸盐 >k葡萄糖 >k醋酸盐 ;以乳酸盐作为共代谢基质时 ,PCE的降解速率较快 ,在实验条件下乳酸盐是最合适的共代谢基质     

直接利用葡萄糖的液流催化燃料电池改进

液相催化燃料电池（LCFC）可直接处理生物质并产电,而电池结构等因素对电池性能有明显影响,但目前还缺乏上述方面的研究。通过系列产电实验考察了温度和酸化条件对Nafion115膜性能的影响、不同氧化条件下石墨毡的改性效果以及电池内部导流槽在不同葡萄糖浓度条件下的影响。结果表明：质子交换膜适宜以80 ℃酸化处理,该条件下电池功率密度达到5.39 mW·cm-2;石墨毡改性适宜以50 mL·min-1干空气流速在420 ℃条件下对其进行煅烧,该条件下电池功率密度进一步提升至6.21 mW·cm-2;葡萄糖浓度显著影响电池性能,当浓度为2.0 mol·L-1时,导流槽结构会降低电池性能,当浓度为1.0 mol·L-1和0.50 mol·L-1时,导流槽结构使电池性能更优,并且也更加稳定。     

Fe3O4/纤维素纳米复合材料的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附

采用化学沉淀法与液相复合方法联合制备磁性无机-有机Fe3O4/纤维素复合材料。采用扫描电镜及红外光谱对其进行结构表征,以亚甲基蓝溶液为模拟废水,考察了接触时间、溶液初始pH及反应温度等因素对其吸附性能的影响,分别用准一级动力学和准二级动力学方程对数据进行拟合。结果表明,温度为22℃,溶液初始pH为7.55,Fe3O4/纤维素纳米复合材料加量为0.67 g·L-1,接触时间2 h,30 mg·L-1亚甲基蓝脱色率达99.20%,准二级动力学模型能更好地描述Fe3O4/纤维素复合材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为。同时,Fe3O4/纤维素纳米复合材料具有较强的磁性,可通过简单的磁铁吸引作用进行分离。     

电解法用于消毒的原理、技术特点与主要应用方式:电产次氯酸钠及电化学消毒

电解法是利用电能实现氧化还原反应的方法,其应用于消毒通常有电产次氯酸钠消毒剂和电化学消毒2种方式。为深入了解电产次氯酸钠及电化学消毒技术机理,进一步探讨电解法在水处理和公共环境卫生消毒领域的应用,从消毒原理、技术特点、使用方法和消毒应用方面,对电解法制备次氯酸钠与电化学消毒水处理技术进行了介绍与分析,并提出了目前存在的问题和技术发展前景,为该技术的实际应用提供参考。     

裹包青贮提高玉米秸秆厌氧消化效率的实验研究

秸秆是重要的沼气工程原料,秸秆预处理对其后续厌氧消化效率影响巨大。采用田间裹包青贮方法,设计3因素正交实验,考察了秸秆含水率、压缩比和添加剂对玉米秸秆发酵时间和厌氧消化产沼气的影响。结果表明:秸秆经过裹包青贮,发酵总时间(total fermentation time,TFT)减少1~2 d,累积产气量达到总产气量的90%所用时间(TFT90%)减少了40%~50%,消化效率明显提高;秸秆含水率对产气效果有明显影响,随着含水率增加,单位总固体(total solid,TS)累计产气量(cumulative biogas yields per TS,CBYT)和沼气日产率(biogas yields rate average day,BYR)由高到低排序为:35%~40%,40%~45%,30%~35%;秸秆压缩比对产气效果有明显影响,随着压缩比的增加,其对CBY和BYR的效应由高到低排序为:185、143与138 kg/m3;添加剂类型对产气效果亦有明显影响,在不同添加剂处理下,其对CBYT和BYR的效应由高到低排序为:尿素处理>甲酸处理>无添加剂处理;正交实验极差分析表明,对CBYT和BYR的影响排序为:含水率﹥压缩比﹥添加剂,其田间裹包青贮进行厌氧发酵的优化组合为:青贮秸秆含水率为35%~40%,压缩比为185 kg/m3,添加剂为营养型,青贮20 d,CBYT和BYR达到最大,分别为646.57 mL/g和173.25 mL/(d·g)。     

电极改性对电极生物膜反硝化反应器硝酸盐氮去除性能的影响

探究在碳纤维毡电极上利用恒电压电化学聚合聚吡咯(PPy)的聚合效果,并利用傅里叶变换红外线(FTIR)及扫描电镜(SEM)对其进行表征;将聚吡咯覆膜改性后的碳纤维毡电极应用到自养反硝化的电极生物膜反应器(BER)中,考察电极改性对自养反硝化电极生物膜反应器的硝酸盐氮去除性能影响,并研究电极改性对生物膜附着量及生物膜微生物群落的影响。结果表明,恒电压电化学聚合能够在碳纤维电极表面形成均匀稳定的聚吡咯膜,从而实现聚吡咯在炭纤维毡电极上的覆膜改性。改性后的电极应用到自养反硝化电极生物膜反应器中,可使反应器对NO3--N的去除效率由对照反应器的67.3%增加到83.9%,处理效果提高了24.7%。对反应器内电极生物膜进行生物量测定和扫描电镜分析,可以看到R2反应器中改性电极生物膜附着量明显多于R1反应器中未改性电极生物膜的附着量,说明电极改性有利于生物膜的附着。电极生物膜微生物16S rDNA分析中R1反应器电极生物膜菌落组成中优势菌属为Dechloromonas sp.,而R2反应器电极生物膜的优势菌为Hydrogenophaga sp.(噬氢菌属)和Thauera sp.(陶厄氏菌属),两者有明显差别,并且R2反应器比R1反应器生物膜的菌落组成更多样化,这说明电极材料的改性对电极生物膜微生物群落的组成产生了影响。     

Decline of traditional rice farming constrains the recovery of the endangered Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon)

Traditional agriculture benefits a rich diversity of plants and animals. The winter-flooded rice fields in the Qinling Mountains, China, are the last refuge for the endangered Asian crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), and intensive efforts have been made to protect this anthropogenic habitat. Analyses of multi-temporal satellite data indicate that winter-flooded rice fields have been continuously reduced across the current range of crested ibis during the past two decades. The rate of loss of these fields in the core-protected areas has unexpectedly increased to a higher level than that in non-protected areas in the past decade. The best fit (R² = 0.87) numerical response model of the crested ibis population shows that a reduction of winter-flooded rice fields decreases population growth and predicts that the population growth will be constrained by the decline of traditional winter-flooded rice fields in the coming decades. Our findings suggest that the decline of traditional rice farming is likely to continue to pose a threat to the long-term survival and recovery of the crested ibis population in China.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0649-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.