基于人因的汽车仪表设计及工效学评价

从仪表设计及工效学问题的典型事故案例分析入手,提出人因化设计的基本理念,给出人机工程学的汽车仪表系统的基本要求及仪表显示装置人因化设计的基本原则、结构体系框图,提出了实现人因化设计的基本思路;探讨了在汽车仪表系统造型设计中如何体现中国元素与特色的途径;构建了汽车仪表设计中工效学评价体系模型。     

Detailed Ecological Footprint Accounting of Liaoning in 2006

Ecological footprint （EF） has received considerable attention as a useful indicator in the context of sustainable development. So far, EF has been used in numerous studies by academies, organizations and government authorities. However, the results of these studies failed to be comparable directly with each other due to imprecise data sets, unmodified accounting methods of pasture and fossil energy, ignored secondary products, undefined process Of calculating yield factors and improper biocapacity for biodiversity. In this paper, we elaborated on EF estimating methods from six categories of consumption in order to overcome the limitations above. We adopted precise data and revised methods, calculated EF of some secondary products, introduced weighted factor to calculate yield factors and adjusted biocapacity by an appropriate amount. Meanwhile, we investigated the resource consumption of Liaoning Province in 2006 to assess EF. Its results showed that Liaoning Province overused its natural capital and was in an unsustainable state. We concluded that two specific problems that had arisen in EF assessment and gave some suggestions for Liaoning Province to improve its unsustainable state.     

Nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via ex situ nitrification and sequential in situ denitrification

Ex situ nitrification and sequential in situ denitrification represents a novel approach to nitrogen management at landfills. Simultaneous ammonia and organics removal was achieved in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The results showed that the maximum nitrogen loading rate (NLR) and the maximum organic loading rate (OLR) was 0.65 g N l^?1 d^?1 and 3.84 g COD l^?1 d^?1, respectively. The ammonia and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was over 99% and 57%, respectively. In the run of the CSTR, free ammonia (FA) inhibition and low dissolved oxygen (DO) were found to be key factors affecting nitrite accumulation. In situ denitrification was studied in a municipal solid waste (MSW) column by recalculating nitrified leachate from CSTR. The decomposition of MSW was accelerated by the recirculation of nitrified leachate. Complete reduction of total oxidized nitrogen (TON) was obtained with maximum TON loading of 28.6 g N t^?1 TS d^?1 and denitrification was the main reaction responsible. Additionally, methanogenesis inhibition was observed while TON loading was over 11.4 g N t^?1 TS d^?1 and the inhibition was enhanced with the increase of TON loading.     

Assessing the sustainability of major cities in China

Rapid urbanization in the developing world calls for attention to address the issue of urban sustainability, especially in emerging countries such as China, where social equity and environmental conditions have been marginalized by the rapid economic development. In this paper, we addressed the above issue with an attempt to answer the following questions: (1) How did the sustainability of Chinese cities evolve over time? (2) What are the driving forces for the evolution? By constructing a composite index that incorporates three major aspects of sustainability, economy, environment, and social equity, we characterized the recent evolution of Chinese cities and assessed the disparity among regions in terms of the sustainability measures. Further, we analyzed the driving forces for the change of sustainability indices through a driving force-pressure-state-effect model. We substantiate our numerical analysis of Chinese cities with a detailed case study of Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, which has experienced significant change over the past 3 decades in every aspect of sustainability. We highlight some fundamental socioeconomic driving forces that have caused spatial restructuring, reflected by land-use change, and consequently impacted the urban environment of Urumqi. A brief case analysis of Guangzhou is also provided.     

全面落实新《安全生产法》强化焦化企业安全管理

新《安全生产法》的颁布和实施,对焦化企业提出了更高的要求。焦化企业可以通过完善安全仪表系统、开展危险与可操作分析、建立企业安全生产预警体系、贯彻执行焦化行业安全生产标准和建立现代企业安全管理制度来更好地促进其安全生产。     

地表载荷对硬岩区埋地管道应力应变影响分析

为研究地表载荷对硬岩区埋地管道力学性能的影响,建立了管-土耦合三维数值模型,分析了地表载荷大小、作用面积、管道压力、管道径厚比及回填土弹性模量对管道应力分布、塑性应变、椭圆度的影响。结果表明:地表压载作用下,高应力区首先出现在管道顶部且呈椭圆形;随着地表载荷及其作用面积的增大,管道高应力区逐渐扩大,管道截面左右两侧也出现应力集中;随着回填土弹性模量、管道壁厚及内压的增加,管道顶部高应力区及最大等效应力均减小。塑性应变首先出现在管顶,且塑性区随地表载荷、载荷作用长度增加而增大,随回填土体弹性模量及管道壁厚增大而逐渐减小;当内压为0~4MPa时,管道塑性应变及塑性区随内压的增大而减小。管道椭圆度随回填土体弹性模量、管道内压、壁厚增加而逐渐减小,随地表压载增大而增大。     

烧结机共处置危险废物过程中重金属Pb、Zn的挥发特性

利用化学试剂PbCl2、ZnCl2来模拟危险废物,研究了烧结机共处置危险废物过程中Pb、Zn的挥发特性.首先选取PbCl2、ZnCl2两种化合物的纯化学试剂分别进行了热重分析实验,然后对掺有一定比例PbCl2、ZnCl2的烧结矿原料进行煅烧,采集分析煅烧烟气和煅烧所得烧结矿中Pb和Zn的总量.实验结果表明,在刚开始煅烧的一段时间内,Pb、Zn两种重金属挥发特性相似,均是随着时间的增加以及温度的升高而挥发率逐渐上升,而当煅烧超过一定时间后,其挥发和固化反应会达到平衡,当煅烧的温度为1200℃时,Pb和Zn的挥发率分别为97.13%和65.04%.运用化学反应动力学理论对Pb、Zn两种重金属在烧结机共处置过程中的挥发规律进行动力学模拟,模拟结果表明,PbCl2中Pb挥发的动力学方程可表示为α=f(T,t)=1-exp[-7.90exp(-5595/T)t];而ZnCl2中的Zn为α=f(T,t)=1-exp[-0.534exp(-3210/T)t].     

Hg0 removal from flue gas over different zeolites modified by FeCl3

The elemental mercury removal abilities of three different zeolites (NaA, NaX, HZSM-5) impregnated with iron (III) chloride were studied on alab-scale fixed-bed reactor. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analy-ses were used to investigate the physicochemical properties. Results indicated that the pore structure and active chloride species on the surface of the samples are the key factors for physisorption and oxidation of Hg⁰, respectively. Relatively high surface area and micropore volume are beneficial to efficient mercury adsorption. The active Cl species generated on the surface of the samples were effective oxidants able to convert elemental mercury (Hg⁰) into oxidized mercury (Hg²⁺). The crystallization of NaCl due to the ion exchange effect during the impregnation of NaA and NaX reduced the number of active Cl species on the surface, and restricted the physisorption of Hg⁰. Therefore, the Hg⁰ removal efficiencies of the samples were inhibited. The TPD analysis revealed that the species of mercury on the surface of FeCl₃-HZSM-5 was mainly in the form of mercuric chloride(HgCl₂), while on FeCl₃-NaX and FeCl₃-NaA it was mainly mercuri coxide(HgO).     

应用人工湿地技术处理屠宰废水:设计与运行探讨

污水分散式处理有独特的优点,人工湿地是其中主要的方法,特别适合在农村地区因地制宜地处理生活污水,具有运行费用低、处理效果好的特点,在新农村环境建设中发挥了很大作用。但人工湿地用于污染程度高的行业废水处理国内比较少见。该文依据一项中德环保合作项目——人工湿地技术处理蕲春某屠宰厂废水的示范工程,对人工湿地建造有关的设计及运行管理问题进行总结与探讨。