黄河流域水污染排放特征及污染集聚格局分析

掌握污染源排放特征及其空间差异,是在流域尺度提升水污染治理水平的重要基础.该研究分别从污染源的活动水平（简称“活动水平”）、污染物产生、污染物去除和污染物排放4个方面选取了28个指标,对黄河流域60个市州主要水污染物排放特征开展了现状评价和聚类分析.采用污染分布的地理集中度指数表征各市州污染集聚格局,并利用空间分析模型Global Moran's I和G_i*指数判断污染排放的空间集聚趋势与冷热点地区.结果表明:按照水污染排放特征的差异,黄河流域不同地区在水污染格局上可划分为高排放强度区、高排放绩效区、污染集聚区和低排放绩效区;水污染物排放与经济发展格局分布一致,上游、中游到下游地区呈现明显的阶梯型分布,上游地区单位水资源利用效率和排放绩效低,下游地区区域性污染集聚效应明显;山西省、河南省和山东省沿黄城市在空间上表现为区域性连片污染集聚,集中分布在晋中城市群和中原城市群.针对当前黄河流域水污染排放特征和空间集聚格局,建议制定统一的生态环境保护与治理策略,加强中下游城市群的污染协同控制.      

南京八卦洲农用地表层土壤重金属分布特征及风险评价

为查明南京八卦洲土壤重金属污染物类型及其影响范围,于2017年12月在洲内采集了471个表层土壤样品,测定了pH及As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属元素浓度,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行了污染风险评价。研究结果表明:As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn平均浓度分别为10.66、0.32、86.74、43.25、0.10、40.34、33.50和108.33 mg·kg-1,除As、Hg元素外,其余6种元素均超过南京市背景值,出现大范围的富集;Cd元素为研究区主要污染物,绝大部分为Ⅱ级轻微污染,均分布于八卦洲服务区附近的中、酸性土覆盖区,需做好安全利用措施。从全区来看研究区大部分农用地土壤处于安全生产级别,仅有少部分区域处于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级风险水平,总体上潜在生态危害较低。     

Regionalization based on spatial and seasonal variation in ground-level ozone concentrations across China

Owing to the vast territory of China and strong regional characteristic of ozone pollution,it's desirable for policy makers to have a targeted and prioritized regulation and ozone pollution control strategy in China based on scientific evidences. It's important to assess its current pollution status as well as spatial and temporal variation patterns across China.Recent advances of national monitoring networks provide an opportunity to insight the actions of ozone pollution. Here, we present rotated empirical orthogonal function(REOF)analysis that was used on studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of daily ozone concentrations. Based on results of REOF analysis in pollution seasons for 3 years' observations, twelve regions with clear patterns were identified in China. The patterns of temporal variation of ozone in each region were separated well and different from each other, reflecting local meteorological, photochemical or pollution features. A rising trend in annual averaged Eight-hour Average Ozone Concentrations(O_3-8 hr) from 2014 to 2016 was observed for all regions, except for the Tibetan Plateau. The mean values of annual and 90 percentile concentrations for all 338 cities were 82.6 ± 14.6 and 133.9 ± 25.8 μg/m~3,respectively, in 2015. The regionalization results of ozone were found to be influenced greatly by terrain features, indicating significant terrain and landform effects on ozone spatial correlations. Among 12 regions, North China Plain, Huanghuai Plain, Central Yangtze River Plain, Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin were realized as priority regions for mitigation strategies, due to their higher ozone concentrations and dense population.     

铝合金的实验室盐雾试验腐蚀行为图像特征提取

目的提取铝合金材料在盐雾箱试验中可以表征腐蚀程度的表面形貌图像特征量。方法首先,对采集于表面化学清洗过的试样原始图像进行图像增强等预处理,突出腐蚀部位;其次,基于数字图像处理的分形和小波分解方法提取出分形维数和小波能量特征值。结果与以质量损失量为基础的腐蚀深度特征值进行相关性对比,基于图像分析的特征提取法的准确度和精度比较高。结论该方法可以应用于对试样的腐蚀程度进行定性和定量分析,判断并预测试样的腐蚀速度。     

环境升温过程对常温固化环氧树脂热力学性能的影响

目的提高常温固化环氧树脂体系的高温使用性能。方法采用常温固化剂T31、中温固化剂IPDA以及高温固化剂DDM作为混合固化剂,对E-44型和AG-80型混合环氧树脂体系进行常温固化反应,并分析环境升温过程对固化物热力学性能的影响。通过DMA分析、热变形测量、固化度测试,分别评价室温固化环氧树脂在环境升温过程前后的玻璃化转变温度、热变形量及体系内部的固化反应程度变化,并通过吸水率测试和弯曲强度测试对玻璃纤维布增强常温固化环氧树脂基复合材料的耐湿热性能以及高温条件下的力学性能进行分析。结果环氧树脂常温固化物的tg为85.21℃,经1.5℃/min的平均升温速率加热至90℃之后,该环境升温过程使固化物的固化度增大至92%以上,tg增长为132.06℃的同时热变形温度增大。其复合材料耐湿热性能提高,且100℃时弯曲强度的保持率为65%,对于加热至120℃的环境升温过程,固化物的固化度接近96%,tg增长为144.45℃的同时热变形温度进一步提高,其复合材料耐湿热性能改善程度更加明显,且130℃时弯曲强度保持率仍接近60%。结论常温、中温、高温混合固化剂的合理复配有助于环氧树脂体系在环境升温变化的诱导条件下发生梯度式固化反应,使体系内部的交联固化程度迅速升至较高水平,可以有效提高其玻璃化转变温度,显著改善常温固化环氧树脂体系在高温条件下的热力学性能。     

垃圾填埋场渗出液中有害成分的研究

研究垃圾填埋场渗出液中的有害成分。渗出液样品用适当的方法处理后 ,用气相色谱 -质谱联用方法和原子发射光谱法进行定性分析。然后用原子吸收分光光度法和反相高效液相色谱法定量测定样品中微量的 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、苯酚、对甲苯酚、萘、蒽     

内蒙古某灌域表层土壤六氯环己烷空间分布特征及影响因素

为修复灌区内土壤有机氯农药污染，降低六氯环己烷对土壤环境的危害，对内蒙古某灌域表层土壤进行采样，利用气相色谱测定50个土壤样品中六氯环己烷及其异构体的含量，并利用ArcGIS空间分析技术确定表层土壤中六氯环己烷的分布状况。样本中六氯环己烷的检出率为96%，各样本中六氯环己烷的浓度范围为未检出~23.0 ng/g，平均浓度为4.4 ng/g。4种异构体含量平均值顺序为γ-六氯环己烷>δ-六氯环己烷>β-六氯环己烷>α-六氯环己烷。灌域东北部和西南部残留浓度较高，并由这2个方向向中部地区逐渐递减，表层土壤中的六氯环己烷分布受土壤黏粒量、不同种植种类和灌溉水源的影响较大。虽受人类耕作的影响，但表层土壤中的六氯环己烷污染水平相对较低。     

A study of the elemental leachability and retention capability of compost

In this work a comparison is made between the different approaches that can be taken to evaluate the mobility of elements in compost. The practical consequences of the results obtained are also discussed in terms of methods for cleaning up compost and using compost in environmental remediation. The mobility of potentially toxic elements in compost is evaluated by leaching with four selected eluents, i.e. diluted sulfuric acid, oxalate, citrate and EDTA. In contrast to the chelating agents, diluted sulfuric acid was found to generally have a low leaching capability for removal of heavy metals from compost. This implies that the risk of heavy metal leaching caused by natural rainfall is likely to be low. The results obtained in the leaching experiment were compared with previous results obtained from sequential fractionation. This comparison confirmed that both methods gave similar results for predicting the lability of elements in compost. A non-linear regression analysis of the leaching curves was also conducted. The leaching curves for elements with high lability could be fitted with a two components model. The labile components identified by the kinetic model are approximately in accordance with the fractions obtained from the first step of the sequential extraction method. The kinetic speciation method is shown to be a relatively rapid and simple procedure for compost which gives more information about element lability than simple leaching experiments. The leaching reagents used in this work were not effective enough to be used for cleaning up compost with a high metal content. Compost was however shown to have a high affinity for heavy metals, with the order of affinity of metal for the compost being very similar to that seen for humic acid. Compost may therefore prove to be a good remediation material for metal contaminated waste.     

HNO_3─KI─MIBK萃取／原子吸收光谱法测定固体废物浸提液中的微量银

采用选择性较好的ＨＮＯ３—ＫＩ—ＭＩＢＫ萃取体系对铋渣和尾矿渣浸出液中的痕量银进行预分离富集后，用火焰原子吸收法（ＡＡＳ）进行测定。此法不仅变异系数小（约为３．１％），而且检出限比直接火焰ＡＡＳ法降低两个数量级，达０．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ．另外，还就作品细度对银测定结果的影响原因做了初步探讨。     

合肥地区重金属污染生物监测的初步研究 --以大蜀山铅镉的白鹭监测为例

将合肥地区大蜀山的白（Egretta garzetta）卵和组织样品，用原子吸收法时样品中的Pb、Cd等重金属污染物进行了检测，结果表明，这2种重金属元素在卵和组织中均有不同程度的检出，其中Cd在卵的内容物中残留量较低。而且这2种重金属污染物在鹭卵不同部分的残留量均有差异；同其他地区类似的研究结果相比，合肥地区鹭卵中重金属残留水平相时较高。