The temporal changes in road stormwater runoff quality and the implications to first flush control in Chongqing, China

This study investigates the quality of stormwater runoff from a driveway in the southwest mountainous urban area of Chongqing, China, from 2010 to 2011. The results showed that the mean concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were 4.1, 2.4, and 2.2 times the grade V levels of the national surface water standard of China. The pollutant concentration peak preceded or synchronized with the rainfall intensity peak and occurred 10 min after the runoff started. The significant high pollutant concentration in the initial stage of the rainfall suggested that first flush control is necessary, especially for the most polluted constitutes, such as total suspended solids, COD, and TN. Three potential pollution sources were identified: the atmospheric dry and wet deposition (TN, NO₃ ^?-N, NH₄ ⁺-N, and DCu), the road sediment and materials (total suspended solids, COD, and TP), and the vehicle emissions (DPb and DZn). Therefore, this study indicates that reductions in road sediments and material pollution and dry and wet deposition should be the priority factors for pollution control of road stormwater runoff in mountainous urban areas.     

土壤生态毒性测试方法综述

土壤生态毒性测试在化学品管理和污染土壤评价等方面具有重要作用。传统的测试方法通常是利用生物个体、种群等水平上的存活、繁殖等测试终点来评价化学品或污染土壤对生态系统的影响。微宇宙等模拟生态系统和一些野外试验方法更接近生态系统的实际情况,但耗时更长、花费更高。与传统的测试方法相比,生物标志物敏感性高、响应速度快,有可能作为土壤污染的快速诊断工具。近年来,新技术的应用进一步促进了土壤生态毒理学的发展,如组学技术有助于理解有毒物的致毒机制,发现新的分子生物标志物。本文综述了目前土壤生态毒性测试的主要方法及其标准化和应用现状,同时对土壤生态毒性测试方法今后的研究方向及在我国环境管理中的应用提出展望。     

水稻秸秆生物炭-过硫酸盐去除水中p-硝基酚

以水稻秸秆为原料制备了多种生物炭,运用BET和FTIR等技术对其进行了表征,研究了生物炭-过硫酸盐体系对水中p-硝基酚的去除效果。与热解温度和时间相比,供氧量对生物炭活化过硫酸盐性能的影响更为显著,足氧条件下的活化性能显著降低;500℃缺氧条件下热解1 h制备的生物炭(RS500-1)对过硫酸盐具有良好的活化性能,可以实现p-硝基酚的高效去除,生物炭与过硫酸盐之间存在显著的协同作用。初始溶液pH和反应温度对p-硝基酚的去除效果影响很小;在RS500-1投加量1.0 g/L、过硫酸盐投加量5 mmol/L、反应温度25℃、不调节初始溶液pH的优化条件下,240 min时p-硝基酚的去除率可达70%以上。     

Systematic screening of common wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals in urban aquatic environments: implications for environmental risk control

In this report, we refer to pharmaceuticals that are widespread in the urban aquatic environment and that mainly originate from wastewater treatment plants or non-point source sewage as “wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals” (WWMPs). To some extent, they reflect the condition or trend of water contamination and also contribute to aquatic environmental risk assessment. The method reported here for screening typical WWMPs was proposed based on academic concerns about them and their concentrations present in the urban aquatic environment, as well as their properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and related environmental risks caused by them. The screening system consisted of an initial screening system and a further screening system. In the former, pharmaceuticals were categorised into different evaluation levels, and in the latter, each pharmaceutical was given a normalised final evaluation score, which was the sum of every score for its properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and environmental risk in the aquatic environment. The system was applied to 126 pharmaceuticals frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the initial screening procedure, five pharmaceuticals were classified into the “high” category, 16 pharmaceuticals into the “medium” category, 15 pharmaceuticals into the “low” category and 90 pharmaceuticals into the “very low” category. Subsequently, further screening were conducted on 36 pharmaceuticals considered as being of “high”, “medium” and “low” categories in the former system. We identified 7 pharmaceuticals with final evaluation scores of 1–10, 10 pharmaceuticals with scores of 11–15, 15 pharmaceuticals with scores from 16 to 20 and 4 pharmaceuticals with scores above 21. The results showed that this screening system could contribute to the effective selection of target WWMPs, which would be important for spatial-temporal dynamics, transference and pollution control of pharmaceuticals in the urban aquatic environment. However, there remains a number of pharmaceutical parameters with measured data gaps, such as organic carbon adsorption coefficients and bioconcentration factors, which, if filled, would improve the accuracy of the screening system.     

纳米TiO2/EP光催化降解罗丹明B废水的研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备出可漂浮于水面的膨胀珍珠岩(EP)负载型TiO2,研究其在水中对罗丹明B(RB)的去除效果、吸附降解动力学以及最佳工艺条件,并研究其多次回收再生后的降解效果。结果表明,浸渍3次的负载型TiO2光催化活性最高,回收5次后活性变化很小,降解率下降不到8%;光催化剂用量为0.2 g,20 mL初始浓度为10 mg/L和15mg/L RB溶液光照6 h后降解率分别达98%和74%。在实验浓度范围内,该光催化反应可用一级反应动力学方程描述。     

硫酸盐化对TiO2催化剂克劳斯活性的影响

采用硫酸铵浸渍的方法制得了一系列硫酸盐化的催化剂,运用TG、BET比表面测定、XRD、Raman、FTIR和SO2-TPD技术对催化剂进行了表征,并对催化剂进行了克劳斯活性评价。结果表明,硫酸盐化会导致催化剂比表面积和孔体积减小但不会使催化剂形成新的晶型,硫酸盐的形成使TiO2表面碱性变弱,硫酸根在TiO2表面形成的双齿螯合结构会阻碍SO2和H2S与催化剂表面的接触,碱性变弱和双齿螯合结构的形成导致了催化剂克劳斯活性降低,另外,负载的硫酸盐的量越多催化剂的克劳斯活性越低。     

EPC模式下ESCO市场行为特征与演变规律

既有建筑节能改造核心实施主体——ESCO市场行为直接影响既有建筑节能改造市场发展,分析了EPC模式下既有建筑节能改造ESCO市场行为的目标性、利他性、有限理性、环境适宜性等特征,揭示了EPC模式下ESCO行业规模扩张、发展趋于规范、市场细分多元化、服务业务整体化的行为演变规律,以期为既有建筑节能改造市场治理研究奠定分析...     

外源锌对水稻各部位镉吸收与累积的拮抗效应

为探明外源锌(Zn)对镉(Cd)污染稻田系统Cd吸收累积的影响,采用盆栽试验,向轻度(Cd含量为0.50 mg·kg~(-1))和中度(Cd含量为1.50 mg·kg~(-1))Cd污染土壤中施用不同浓度的外源Zn,研究Zn对土壤、水稻根表铁膜和水稻各部位中Cd、Zn含量变化的影响,探讨外源Zn对Cd污染稻田系统Cd吸收累积的交互作用.结果表明,在2种Cd污染土壤中,施用外源Zn显著降低了湘晚籼12糙米Cd含量,降低幅度为13.4%～78.4%;在轻度Cd污染土壤中,施用外源Zn显著降低了威优46糙米Cd含量,降低幅度为14.7%～79.8%,而在中度Cd污染土壤中,当外源Zn浓度超过40 mg·kg~(-1)将增加威优46糙米Cd含量;在2种Cd污染土壤下均显著增加2种水稻根表铁膜数量,分别增加14.7%～85.9%、5.8%～61.2%;但对土壤交换态Cd含量无显著影响.在2种Cd污染土壤中,2种水稻各部位Cd/Zn比值与Cd含量正线性相关,且各部位Cd/Zn比值呈下降趋势,2种水稻糙米、茎叶间Cd-Zn拮抗作用显著.轻度Cd污染土壤中,施加外源Zn可以降低湘晚籼12和威优46糙米中的Cd含量;中度Cd污染土壤中,外源Zn仍然可以降低湘晚籼12糙米Cd含量,而当外源Zn施加量高于40 mg·kg~(-1)时将增加威优46糙米的Cd含量.     

利用植物复合床技术处理工业污水

选取风车草、蝴蝶兰、吊兰、小纸莎、菖蒲、香根草6种植物作为人工湿地植物,砾石、活性炭、河沙、砾石+河沙、活性炭+河沙、活性炭+砾石共6种填料作为人工湿地填料,进行不同植物和不同填料组合处理某胶水厂洗釜过程产生的工业废水能力的实验研究.结果表明,在相同的进水水质和水力负荷条件下,从经济成本角度考虑,蝴蝶兰与活性炭+河沙组合较好,对CODCr、氨氮的去除率分别达到95%、99%,出水水质符合DB44/26—2001广东省地方标准水污染物排放限制标准一级标准.该技术处理效果好,操作简单,易维护,适合推广.     

铝对荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

以两种耐锅性不同蓼科荞麦属植物荞麦和金荞麦为材料,通过土培盆栽试验,比较研究其根际土壤微生态对铝胁迫反应的差异.结果表明,一定质量分数的Al对荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤绌菌具有显著刺激效应,对金荞麦的影响更大,但Al质量分数过高,对细菌的刺激效应明显减弱,甚至产生抑制作用,荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤真菌数量均随着Al质量分数的升高而明显增加,荞麦根际土壤真菌增加幅度更为显著,Al胁迫下二者根际放线菌数量的变化亦表现出一定的差异;Al胁迫下,养麦和金荞麦根际土壤氨化细菌、硝化绌菌、反硝化细菌等氮素生理群微生物的变化趋势亦显示出明显差异,整体上荞麦根际土壤细菌生珲群对Al胁迫比金荞麦更敏感;Al胁迫对荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性均表现出较弱的抑制效应,但荞麦根际土壤始终维持较金荞麦更高的过氧化氢酶活性,这与荞麦具有更强的耐铝性有一定的关系,荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤转化酶对Al非常敏感,随着铝的加入,其活性显著下降,荞麦和金荞麦根际土壤脲酶活性的变化趋势基本一致,但整体上荞麦根际土壤脲酶活性均明显低于金荞麦,这是否与其耐铝毒特性的差异有关有待于进一步探讨.