膜曝气生物膜反应器处理生活污水N2O等温室气体的排放特性

针对生活污水处理减污降碳的需求,本研究采用膜曝气生物膜反应器(membrane aerated biofilm reactor, MABR)耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺处理低碳氮比生活污水,考察了水质污染物去除的同时,分析了甲烷(CH₄)、氧化亚氮(N₂O)和一氧化氮(NO)的排放特性。结果表明,MABR实现了较好的碳氮污染物去除效果,当处理进水C/N为3.00±0.14的模拟污水时,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率分别为85.24%、90.10%和64.35%;当处理进水C/N为1.67±0.07的实际污水时,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率分别为75.39%、96.39%和81.88%。MABR具有较低的CH₄和N₂O排放因子,厌氧阶段分别为(0.010 3±0.010 5)%、(0.005 0±0.005 5)%,好氧阶段分别为(0.001 5±0.001 7)%、(0.002 1±0.001 5)%,厌氧阶段是CH₄和N₂O排放的主要阶段。气态NO和气态N₂O存在正相关关系,反硝化反应可能是N₂O产生的主要路径。NO是反硝化过程N₂O产生的前体物,对反硝化过程N₂O的释放具有指示作用。     

AnMBR处理密闭生保系统中灰水的效能与微生物群落演替研究

灰水的处理与回用是保障受控生态生命保障系统（CELSS）中水循环的关键,研究中采用厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）处理尿液源分离后的CELSS灰水,考察了废水处理效能及微生物群落演替特征.结果发现,废水中溶解性有机物（DOM）主要为类色氨酸、表面活性剂类和类腐殖质,COD去除率可达65%～75%,阴离子表面活性剂去除率高达80%以上,有效解决了表面活性剂积累问题,但高温和低水力停留时间（HRT）条件会降低处理效能.高通量测序研究表明,表面活性剂降解相关菌群是保障污泥降解性能的关键,Synergistes、Citrobacter为关键降解细菌;但高温和低HRT条件会抑制降解,导致表面活性剂积累和有机物去除率下降.表面活性剂的累积会引起反应器中微生物群落演替,关键菌群由接种污泥中的Methanosarcina、Syntrophomonas、Keratinibaculum等嗜热产甲烷类菌属逐步演替为Proteiniclasticum、Pseudomonas、Aminobacterium、Citrobacter、Desulfovibrio等菌属,产甲烷菌特别是Methanosarcina受到显著...     

苏州市人为源挥发性有机物排放清单及特征

掌握挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放清单是研究区域大气复合污染和控制策略的基础.本文通过结合国内外学者的源清单研究成果对苏州市人为源VOCs进行系统分类,并根据苏州市相关统计数据和实地调研结果,采用排放因子法建立了苏州市2016年人为源VOCs排放理论值清单.结果表明,2016年苏州市人为源VOCs排放总量约为2.75×10~5 t,其中,生物质燃烧源、化石燃料燃烧源、工业过程源、溶剂使用源、移动源、储存源和生活源分别占排放总量的3.9%、4.3%、22.8%、36.7%、24.0%、6.3%和2.0%.纺织印染、电子设备制造、机械设备制造、橡胶塑料制品生产、基础化学原料制造及建筑装饰、轻型客车制造是苏州市人为源VOCs排放的重点行业(产业),排放量均超过1×10~(4 )t.苏州市各县级市及市辖区中,市辖6区及张家港市的总排放量较高,约占总排放量的60%,张家港市和昆山市的平均排放强度较高,均超过了40 t·km~(-2).     

基于熵值法的驾驶人“路怒症”宏观影响因素研究*

为探究宏观因素对我国各区域驾驶人“路怒症”的影响,从经济发展、交通环境、气候状况和地域文化4个方面选取13项指标,采用熵值法赋权,构建我国区域路怒水平影响因素评价体系,对2019—2020年我国5座城市的驾驶人路怒水平进行分析和评价。研究结果表明:宏观因素对5座城市的路怒水平均有影响,而且城市之间路怒水平差异相对较大,总体呈现“北高南低”的空间分布特征,据此为各城市预防和控制路怒水平提出针对性建议,以促进城市交通安全发展。     

基于GIS多准则评价与BP神经网络的暴雨洪涝灾害风险辨识--以闽三角地区为例

灾害风险辨识是灾害有效防控的重要环节之一,辨识体系与风险水平之间的非线性复杂关系使研究方法向精细化、智能化转型。闽三角地区是我国重要的沿海经济开放区,独特的“山-海”自然地理格局、起伏破碎的地形、高发的台风暴潮和极端短时降雨特征使其常遭受洪涝灾害侵扰。以闽三角为例,将生态服务价值纳入风险评价体系,构建基于GIS多准则评价与BP神经网络模型的风险辨识方法,旨在完善评价体系的同时,弥补传统评价方法存在的非线性缺陷和主观依赖,并以此为基础,进一步探究该地区风险空间分布规律和空间格局,为灾害风险防控提供思路。结果表明:①基于GIS多准则评价与BP神经网络模型的风险辨识方法能够系统准确的认知暴雨洪涝灾害风险水平与空间分布;②高风险区主要分布在河流沿岸、河口处、湾区,且人口、经济活动较活跃地区,城市化发展快速区与缓慢区相比,更容易遭受洪涝灾害威胁;③洪涝风险以高-高和低-低集聚为主,风险根据空间自相关性特征分为“整体随机”“局部随机-邻域集聚”和“整体集聚”三种类型。最后根据风险特征将闽三角地区高风险分为“厦门集美版块”“泉州湾区版块”“漳州县区版块”,分别提出灾害治理建议。     

Preparation and evaluation of aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15 for copper removal from aqueous solution

A novel material, aminopropyl-functionalized manganese-loaded SBA-15(NH2-Mn-SBA-15), was synthesized by bonding 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane(APTMS) onto manganeseloaded SBA-15(Mn-SBA-15) and used as a Cu2+adsorbent in aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectra(XRD), N2adsorption/desorption isotherms, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) were used to characterize the NH2-Mn-SBA-15.The ordered mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was remained after modification. The manganese oxides were mainly loaded on the internal surface of the pore channels while the aminopropyl groups were mainly anchored on the external surface of SBA-15. The adsorption of Cu2+on NH2-Mn-SBA-15 was fitted well by the Langmuir equation and the maximum adsorption capacity of NH2-Mn-SBA-15 for Cu2+was over two times higher than that of Mn-SBA-15 under the same conditions. The Elovich equation gave a good fit for the adsorption process of Cu2+by NH2-Mn-SBA-15 and Mn-SBA-15. Both the loaded manganese oxides and the anchored aminopropyl groups were found to contribute to the uptake of Cu2+. The NH2-Mn-SBA-15 showed high selectivity for copper ions. Consecutive adsorption–desorption experiments showed that the NH2-Mn-SBA-15 could be regenerated by acid treatment without altering its properties.     

Innovatively employing magnetic CuO nanosheet to activate peroxymonosulfate for the treatment of high-salinity organic wastewater

Magnetic CuO nanosheet(Mag-CuO), as a cheap, stable, efficient and easily separated peroxymonosulfate(PMS) activator, was prepared by a simple one-step precipitation method for the removal of organic compounds from salt-containing wastewater.The experiments showed that the removal efficiencies of various organic pollutants including Acid Orange 7, Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B and atrazine in a high-salinity system(0.2 mol/L Na_2SO_4) with the Mag-CuO/PMS process were 95.81%, 74.57%, 100% and 100%,respectively.Meanwhile, Mag-CuO still maintained excellent catalytic activity in other salt systems including one or more salt components(NaCl, NaNO_3, Na_2HPO_4, NaHCO_3).A radical-quenching study and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis confirmed that singlet oxygen(~1O_2) was the dominant reactive oxygen species for the oxidation of organic pollutants in high-salinity systems, which is less susceptible to hindrance by background constituents in wastewater than radicals(~·OH or SO_4~(·-)).The surface hydroxylation of the catalyst and catalytic redox cycle including Cu and Fe are responsible for the generation of~1O_2.The developed Mag-CuO catalyst shows good application prospects for the removal of organic pollutants from saline wastewater.     

Effects of hydraulic retention time on net present value and performance in a membrane bioreactor treating antibiotic production wastewater

• The membrane bioreactor cost decreased by 38.2% by decreasing HRT from 72 h to 36 h. • Capital and operation costs contributed 62.1% and 37.9% to decreased costs. • The membrane bioreactor is 32.6% cheaper than the oxidation ditch for treatment. • The effluent COD also improved from 709.93±62.75 mg/L to 280±17.32 mg/L. • Further treatment also benefited from lower pretreatment investment. A cost sensitivity analysis was performed for an industrial membrane bioreactor to quantify the effects of hydraulic retention times and related operational parameters on cost. Different hydraulic retention times (72–24 h) were subjected to a flat-sheet membrane bioreactor updated from an existing 72 h oxidation ditch treating antibiotic production wastewater. Field experimental data from the membrane bioreactor, both full-scale (500 m³/d) and pilot (1.0 m³/d), were used to calculate the net present value (NPV), incorporating both capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure. The results showed that the tank cost was estimated above membrane cost in the membrane bioreactor. The decreased hydraulic retention time from 72 to 36 h reduced the NPV by 38.2%, where capital expenditure contributed 24.2% more than operational expenditure. Tank construction cost was decisive in determining the net present value contributed 62.1% to the capital expenditure. The membrane bioreactor has the advantage of a longer lifespan flat-sheet membrane, while flux decline was tolerable. The antibiotics decreased to 1.87±0.33 mg/L in the MBR effluent. The upgrade to the membrane bioreactor also benefited further treatments by 10.1%–44.7% lower direct investment.     

异菌脲在土壤中的降解和移动性研究

为明确异菌脲在土壤中的迁移和归趋特征,采用室内模拟方法研究异菌脲在4种不同类型土壤中的降解和移动性以及不同因素对异菌脲降解的影响。结果表明,异菌脲在不同类型土壤中的降解顺序为东北黑土青海草甸土南京黄棕壤江西红壤,降解半衰期分别为7.2、8.6、12.7和16.9 d,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于易降解农药。土壤湿度越大,异菌脲降解越快,渍水条件下降解速率加快,说明厌氧微生物对异菌脲降解起重要作用。微生物和有机质对异菌脲在土壤降解过程中有一定的促进作用,在微生物、有机质存在的条件下异菌脲降解速率分别提高1.8倍、3.7倍。薄层层析试验表明,异菌脲在南京黄棕壤、东北黑土、江西红壤和青海草甸土的比移值(R_f)分别为0.19、0.17、0.29和0.17,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于不易移动,土柱淋溶试验结果表明,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于难淋溶,不易通过淋溶作用造成地下水污染。     

全氟化合物污染现状及风险评估的研究进展

全氟化合物(polyfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是近年来受到广泛关注的一类新型持久性有机污染物。PFCs因具有优良的化学稳定性、耐热性以及高表面活性,而被广泛应用于生活消费和工业生产等领域。PFCs具有难降解、生物富集和长距离迁移等特点,已在大气、土壤和水体等环境介质及生物体中检出。在生态环境中,PFCs能够通过食物链不断传递放大,其具有的多种毒性效应已对生态系统和人类造成了一定的威胁。本文主要综述了PFCs在各类环境介质的污染现状、生物的毒性效应、人类摄入健康风险评估以及PFCs的降解研究,以期为未来PFCs的研究提供参考。