某定向钻工程中泥浆的配制及注意事项

介绍了某定向钻工程中黏土层、细砂中砂层、粉砂合砾地层泥浆的配制工艺及斜孔段、水平孔段、扩孔段、回拖段施工过程泥浆性能的调整方法。简述了该穿越工程泥浆的混配、回收及处理应注意的若干事项。实践表明,该水平定向钻穿越工程施工质量较好,其安全与环保工作也较为理想。     

可持续发展的排水系统设计

摘要：城市排水系统是保护公共生产、生活安全以及防护洪水的首要部分。世界众多国家利用多年时间出台了相关立法并提高了城市排水系统的设计标准。排水系统设计依靠成熟的软件工具已经进化成一个非常规范化的产业。这篇文章着眼于新的工业推动力,独特的可持续发展力,综述在设计时结合可持续排水系统的方式,讨论在未来设计过程改进的方式。     

Characterization of soil heavy metal contamination and potential health risk in metropolitan region of northern China

Soil in metropolitan region suffers great contamination risk due to the rapid urbanization especially in developing countries. Beijing and Tianjin, together with their surrounding regions, form a mega-metropolitan region in northern China. To assess the soil environmental quality, a total of 458 surface soil samples were collected from this area. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd, and Hg were analyzed and compared to the Chinese environmental quality standards for soil. Multivariate analysis was carried out to identify the possible sources and Geographic Information Systems techniques were applied to visualize the spatial data. It was found that the primary inputs of As were due to pedogenic sources, whereas Hg was mainly of anthropogenic source. Other elements including Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd were from both lithogenic and anthropogenic origins. Health risk assessment based on the maximum heavy metal concentration indicated that As derived from sewage irrigation area can result in carcinogenic lifetime risk due to ingestion and/or dermal contact of soil. The potential non-carcinogenic risk for children is significant for Pb and the cumulative effect of multiple metals is of concern for children in the vicinity of mining site. The results increased our knowledge for understanding natural and anthropogenic sources as well as health risk for metals in metropolitan soil.     

Secondary organic aerosol formation from straw burning using an oxidation flow reactor

Herein, we use an oxidation flow reactor, Gothenburg: Potential Aerosol Mass (Go: PAM) reactor, to investigate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from wheat straw burning. Biomass burning emissions are exposed to high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) to simulate processes equivalent to atmospheric oxidation of 0-2.55 days. Primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated, and particles were measured before and after the Go: PAM reactor. The influence of water content (i.e. 5% and 11%) in wheat straw was also explored. Two burning stages, the flaming stage, and non-flaming stages, were identified. Primary particle emission factors (EFs) at a water content of 11% (∼3.89 g/kg-fuel) are significantly higher than those at a water content of 5% (∼2.26 g/kg-fuel) during the flaming stage. However, the water content showed no significant influence at the non-flaming stage. EFs of aromatics at a non-flaming stage (321.8±46.2 mg/kg-fuel) are larger than that at a flaming stage (130.9±37.1 mg/kg-fuel). The OA enhancement ratios increased with the increase in OH exposure at first and decreased with the additional increment of OH exposure. The maximum OA enhancement ratio is ∼12 during the non-flaming stages, which is much higher than ∼ 1.7 during the flaming stages. The mass spectrum of the primary wheat burning organic aerosols closely resembles that of resolved biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) based on measurements in ambient air. Our results show that large gap (∼60%-90%) still remains to estimate biomass burning SOA if only the oxidation of VOCs were included.     

太湖表层沉积物重金属的分布、来源与生态风险评价

对2010年太湖表层沉积物样品进行pH、温度、氧化还原电位、含水率、孔隙度、粒径、总磷和烧失量这8种理化指标和Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Ba、Mn、Co和V这9种重金属含量测定分析.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物重金属含量大小为：Mn>Ba>Zn>Cr>V>Ni>Pb>Cu>Co,且各重金属含量均超过背景值,这9种重金属与太湖流域地质作用紧密相连,同时也受到了不同程度人类活动的影响.通过聚类分析和重金属空间分布分析可知,北太湖段和南太湖段重金属含量均从湖岸向湖心有所减少,西太湖段重金属含量从湖岸向湖心有所增高,湖心区重金属含量分布相对均匀.通过相关性分析可知,不同重金属在不同程度上具有正相关性,反映其具有同一污染来源.通过PCA和PMF分析可知,太湖重金属来源多样,交通和工业复合源是最主要的来源,成岩作用是第二主要来源,农业是第三主要来源.此外,收集分析了2000~2020年太湖表层沉积物重金属的污染情况,通过重金属地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数可知,Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Pb的污染程度和潜在生态风险均呈下降趋势.这为太湖今后的重金属污染控制提供了有力的理论支撑.     

State all-driver distracted driving laws and high school students' texting while driving behavior

Objective: Texting while driving is highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Texting while driving can significantly increase the risk of road crashes and is associated with other risky driving behaviors. Most states have enacted distracted driving laws to prohibit texting while driving. This study examines effects of different all-driver distracted driving laws on texting while driving among high school students.

Methods: High school student data were extracted from the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Distracted driving law information was collected from the National Conference of State Legislatures. The final sample included 6,168 high school students above the restricted driving age in their states and with access to a vehicle. Logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios of laws on texting while driving.

Results: All-driver text messaging bans with primary enforcement were associated with a significant reduction in odds of texting while driving among high school students (odds ratio = 0.703; 95% confidence interval, 0.513–0.964), whereas all-driver phone use bans with primary enforcement did not have a significant association with texting while driving (odds ratio = 0.846; 95% confidence interval, 0.501–1.429).

Conclusions: The findings indicate that all-driver distracted driving laws that specifically target texting while driving as opposed to all types of phone use are effective in reducing the behavior among high school students.     

Degradation of tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate by the synergistic effect of persulfate and zero-valent iron during a mechanochemical process

This study revealed a dual pathway for the degradation of tris(1-chloro-2-propanyl) phosphate (TCPP) by zero-valent iron (ZVI) and persulfate as co-milling agents in a mechanochemical (MC) process. Persulfate was activated with ZVI to degrade TCPP in a planetary ball mill. After milling for 2 h, 96.5% of the TCPP was degraded with the release of 63.16, 50.39, and 42.01% of the Cl^?, SO₄^2?, and PO₄^3?, respectively. In the first degradation pathway, persulfate was activated with ZVI to produce hydroxyl (·OH) radicals, and ZVI is oxidized to Fe(II) and Fe(III). A substitution reaction occurred as a result of the attack of ·OH on the P–O–C bonds, leading to the successive breakage of the three P–O–C bonds in TCPP to produce PO₄^3?. In the second pathway, a C–Cl bond in part of the TCPP molecule was oxidized by SO₄·^? to carbonyl and carboxyl groups. The P–O–C bonds continued to react with ·OH to produce PO₄^3?. Finally, the intermediate organochloride products were further reductively dechlorinated by ZVI. However, the synergistic effect of the oxidation (·OH and SO₄·^?) and the reduction reaction (ZVI) did not completely degrade TCPP to CO₂, resulting in a low mineralization rate (35.87%). Moreover, the intermediate products still showed the toxicities in LD₅₀ and developmental toxicant. In addition, the method was applied for the degradation of TCPP in soil, and high degradations (>?83.83%) were achieved in different types of soils.

     

环境一号卫星CCD相机应用于陆地气溶胶的监测

环境一号卫星CCD相机应用在陆地气溶胶的监测中,因缺少短波红外通道,使地表反射的去除变得异常困难.应用改进的暗目标法,利用辐射传输方程(6S)构建查找表,对CCD相机数据进行图像重采样和辐射定标处理,进而对查找表进行插值,获得气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)分布.通过AERONET地基数据的验证及与MODIS气溶胶产品的对比表明,环境一号卫星CCD相机对陆地气溶胶的监测结果在AOD较大(>0.2)时,精度与MODIS相近;在AOD较小(<0.2)时,结果欠理想.     

含油污泥的水热法减量处理

采用水热技术处理含油污泥,考察了反应温度和反应时间对水热处理后含油污泥性质的影响,分析了含油污泥的减量化效果。实验结果表明：对含水率为70.6%（w）、含油率为32.0%（w）的含油污泥进行水热处理时,与反应时间相比,反应温度对含油污泥的脱水性能影响更大,是影响含油污泥热水解反应的重要因素;含油污泥经水热处理后,脱水性能得到改善,在所有实验条件下减量化率均高于78.8%,其中,在反应温度190 ℃、反应时间30 min的条件下,减量化率达到88.2%。     

洮滆水系湖库富营养化生态风险的特点与比较

茅东水库、长荡湖、涌湖、太湖竺山湾是洮滆水系从上游到下游排列的4大典型湖库,2008年的监测分析表明,氮、磷是该水系湖库富营养化的主要污染因子,并沿流域呈加剧趋势,上下游TP质量浓度为0.081～0.296 mg/L,差异小,而TN质量浓度为0.314～5.67 mg/L,差异大,长荡湖到涌湖是洮滆水系首要污染物TN快...