环境司法专门化下的特殊环境诉讼规则

我国的环境司法处于发展初期,有关环境纠纷的司法救济程序散落在不同的部门法中。为了维护国家环境安全和公共环境利益,构建环境司法专门化势在必行,但是在特殊的环境保护法院进行专门化的环境审判过程中,出现环境诉讼保护对象的争议性、生态环境损害责任承担的特殊性等问题亟待解决,环境民事公益诉讼和生态环境损害赔偿诉讼等特殊环境诉讼规则应运而生,虽然目前还面临着一些困境,但是整体上构建环境司法体系的进程依然在不断推进。     

煤矿采空塌陷对地下水的影响

在煤炭开采过程中,煤炭被采出后其所在地下煤层会形成一定区域的采空区,并使煤层上方的顶板岩层失去支撑,由于顶板岩层的抗拉强度比较有限,因此在其顶板岩层自身重力与上覆岩层压力的影响下,很容易因顶板断裂、破碎而出现采空塌陷问题,这不仅会影响煤矿所在区域的生态安全,同时还会使地下水受到较大的负面影响。为此,本文结合煤矿采空塌陷的特点,围绕采空塌陷对地下水的影响展开了分析,并在此基础上提出了一些较为可行的采空塌陷区域地下水治理保护建议。     

Magnetotactic bacteria: Characteristics and environmental applications

• Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize magnetic nanoparticle within magnetosomes. • The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were summarized. • Isolation and mass cultivation of MTB deserve extensive research for applications. • MTB can remove heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants from wastewater. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative prokaryotes that respond to the geomagnetic field. This unique property is attributed to the intracellular magnetosomes, which contains membrane-bound nanocrystals of magnetic iron minerals. This review summarizes the most recent advances in MTB, magnetosomes, and their potential applications especially the environmental pollutant control or remediation. The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were first introduced, followed by a critical review of isolation and cultivation methods. Past research has devoted to optimize the factors, such as oxygen, carbon source, nitrogen source, nutrient broth, iron source, and mineral elements for the growth of MTB. Besides the applications of MTB in modern biological and medical fields, little attention was made on the environmental applications of MTB for wastewater treatment, which has been summarized in this review. For example, applications of MTB as adsorbents have resulted in a novel magnetic separation technology for removal of heavy metals or organic pollutants in wastewater. In addition, we summarized the current advance on pathogen removal and detection of endocrine disruptor which can inspire new insights toward sustainable engineering and practices. Finally, the new perspectives and possible directions for future studies are recommended, such as isolation of MTB, genetic modification of MTB for mass production and new environmental applications. The ultimate objective of this review is to promote the applications of MTB and magnetosomes in the environmental fields.     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

Functional wastepaper-montmorillonite composite aerogel for Cd2+ adsorption

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, a composite aerogel (WP-MMT) composed of wastepaper (WP) and montmorillonite (MMT) was prepared by ambient pressure drying technology...     

N2O profiles in the enhanced CANON process via long-term N2H4 addition: minimized N2O production and the influence of exogenous N2H4 on N2O sources

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Production of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process is of growing...     

A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案优化

晶闸管击穿故障为换流阀常见故障之一,现有±800 kV特高压换流站A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案存在耗时不稳定、处理环节复杂等问题,进而造成换流阀停电时间延长,影响直流输电系统功率输送能力,针对A5000型换流阀晶闸管击穿故障处理方案进行优化,提高了该型号换流阀晶闸管击穿故障的处理效率,缩短了换流阀停电时间,可进一步保障直流输电系统功率输送能力。     

气相色谱法直接测定水中微量有机胺

用配有氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）的气相色谱仪直接测定水中多种微量有机胺。试样经过滤后直接进样,在气相色谱仪上使用CP7448毛细管柱,用外标法测定水中微量甲胺、二甲胺、一乙胺、二乙胺的含量。在所选择的色谱操作条件下,甲胺、二甲胺、一乙胺、二乙胺的质量浓度分别在一定范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。4种组分的回收率分别为96.7％,99．0％,101．2％,99．2％;精密度分别为4．3％,3．7％,5．5％,3．1％;检出限分别为2．0,2．0,1．5,1．5mg/L。该方法操作简便,回收率、精密度高。     

生物还原-化学沉淀法自烟气中的SO2制备ZnS

采用生物还原—化学沉淀法自烟气中的SO2制备ZnS,将含有Zn(OH)2杂质的粗品ZnS通过化学提纯制得高纯度ZnS。实验结果表明,采用NH4C l-NH3.H2O混合液对含有Zn(OH)2杂质的粗品ZnS进行提纯的优化条件为:每500m g粗品ZnS加入NH4C l与NH3.H2O摩尔比为1∶1、两组分浓度均为3.0m o l/L的10mLNH4C l-NH3.H2O混合液。X射线衍射分析表明,提纯后的产物粉末全部为ZnS,其纯度与ZnS标准试样相当。     

CO2资源化利用的现状及前景

介绍了CO2分离捕集最新工艺——电化学法、膜法、化学循环燃烧法的研究进展。评述分析了CO2的各种资源化应用前景：CO2气体用作生物碳源、辅助注射成型剂及有机物（如氨基甲酸酯、表面活性剂）合成原料等;液态CO2用于人造金刚石、热泵干燥、超临界CO2萃取及固体干冰冷喷射清洗等。CO2作为一种潜在的丰富碳源,应不断研发其新的应用领域,加快其工业化应用。