焦作市工业行业的生态效率

以工业城市焦作市为例,选择工业能源消费和污染物(包括废水、固体废物、SO2、烟尘等)排放作为环境负荷,定量分析工业分行业的生态效率及分行业特定环境负荷对总环境负荷的贡献率.结果表明,能源效率最高的行业是黑色金属矿采选业(FMM),为43.19万元·tce-1,贡献率为0.003%;废水排放相关环境效率最高的是交通运输设...     

Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region

This study presents the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),O_3,SO_2 and NOxat one urban,one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 272013. Major chemical components of PM_(2.5)at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO_2(7–82 μg/m~3),O_3(27–171 μg/m~3) and NOx(14–213 μg/m~3) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS)in China. However,PM_(2.5)concentrations(143–168 μg/m~3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS.Higher PM_(2.5)concentrations(~ 150 μg/m~3) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site,while PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly increased from 250 to400 μg m~(-3) at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites,PM_(2.5)components were dominated by organic carbon(OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate(SO_4~(2-)),ammonium(NH_4~+) and nitrate(NO_3~-). Compared with rural sites,urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium(K~+and K) contribution to PM_(2.5).Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions(e.g.,biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions.Furthermore,coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period,the Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region,as follows: secondary aerosol(39%),biomass burning(20%),supply heating(18%),soil/road dust(14%) and traffic(9%).     

Carbon Budget for Basic Needs:Implications of International Equity and Sustainability

The fundamental way of satisfying the basic needs of human development is to secure the basic needs,limit luxurious and wasteful emissions,and ensure the fulfillment of climate targets,so as to achieve intra-and intergenerational equity.In this paper,the author discusses and analyzes a series of challenges that the development has to face,such as poverty elimination,urbanization,and industrialization,and the problems of increased consumption that is brought about by the improvement of living standards;the author distinguishes the stock emission,which does not need annual updating,and the flow emission of regular consumption;the author also defines the standards of energy consumption and carbon emissions that can meet the basic needs.On this basis,the author proposes the concept and method of carbon budget,compares this method with other means,and in particular,studies and analyzes the implications of international equity and sustainability of carbon budget as part of the international climate regime design.     

The Concept and Theoretical Implications of Carbon Emissions Rights Based on Individual Equity

Climate change has become a hot topic in international environmental negotiations.For post-Kyoto international climate regime negotiations,many countries have proposed a variety of frameworks to share the emission reduction responsibilities and allocate carbon emission rights,and have tried to quantify the emission reduction obligations of all countries based on the perspectives of international equity and individual equity.In this paper,the authors have distinguished the concepts of carbon emissions rights based on these two perspectives respectively,have analyzed the relationship between carbon emissions per capita and economic development,and have calculated and compared the proportion of cumulative emissions per capita of different countries in history and future,and then authors conclude that emission reduction obligations should be allocated based on each country’s conditions,including historical emissions,development stage,and future demands.Developed countries should take the initiative to significantly reduce their emissions because they have already accomplished their industrialization process.However,developing countries are still in the process of industrialization,which requires more emission rights to meet their development needs.For China,the concept of carbon emissions based on individual equity can be used as a theoretical tool for the allocating the international carbon emissions rights.     

基于水足迹的流域生态补偿标准模型研究

流域水资源是一种公共物品,其系统的整体性以及资源外部性等特征要求各相关区域应共同承担环境保护.如何衡量各区域水资源开发利用与环保投入的关系,建立合理的生态补偿标准模型,已成为流域管理研究领域普遍关注的问题.本文运用水足迹理论和方法,界定流域水足迹内涵,通过反映流域沿岸各区域水生态服务耗费情况判断分析水生态系统安全状态,提出流域生态补偿标准计量流程及不同情况下的流域生态补偿标准测算模型,从而客观、准确地量化流域生态补偿额度,为管理者正确分析和解决流域各区域间利益冲突提供科学的决策依据与支持.同时本文以碧流河为案例,收集并分析了2002-2006年间碧流河沿岸各行政区水足迹和环保投入情况,理清各区域生态系统状态及相互关系,计算补偿标准,进而验证模型的可行性.     

不同温度条件下高分子固化剂改良砂土的强度特性∗

近年来城市热岛效应越加明显,温度变化对土体性质的影响程度备受关注。通过一系列无侧限抗压强度试验,对高分子固化剂改良砂土在不同温度条件下的抗压强度特性进行了研究,并结合微观扫描电镜对改良砂土的微观结构和改良机理进行了研究。结果表明：在相同温度条件下,高分子固化剂改良砂土的强度和弹性模量随高分子固化剂含量的增加而增大;随着温度的升高,高分子固化剂改良砂土的强度和弹性模量一直保持增强趋势,且当温度达到 35℃后,加入 3% 和 4% 含量的高分子固化剂改良砂土的强度增幅变缓;高分子固化剂溶液均匀分散在砂土中,随着水分挥发,在砂粒之间形成了空间网状固化膜,使得分散的土体连接成为一体,从而提高砂土强度;且随着温度的增加,形成的固化膜强度增强,使得改良砂土强度进一步增加。高分子固化剂在高温条件下对砂土依然具有较好的加固效果,可为高温地区防风固沙加固提供新途径。     

焦化废水泡沫分离液的Fenton催化氧化预处理

以焦化废水处理过程产生的泡沫分离液为研究对象,对其进行Fenton催化氧化处理实验,考察H₂O₂用量、Fe²⁺浓度、pH和反应时间4个因素对处理效果的影响,并结合GC/MS方法比较处理前后泡沫分离液中有机物的种类及其生物降解性的变化。结果表明,采用［H₂O₂］=100 mmol/L、［Fe²⁺］=100 mg/L、pH=3、反应时间为30 min的Fenton催化氧化反应条件,可以使分离液的COD去除率达到68%以上;经Fenton处理后,分离液的B/C值由0.12提高至0.38,生物降解性明显改善;通过GC/MS的分析,基本明确分离液中含有的有机物主要为酚、胺、腈、酯类有机物及喹啉、吡啶等杂环化合物,大多数属于难降解且生物毒性较强的有机物。针对这些复杂组分共存的泡沫分离液,利用Fenton试剂较强的氧化能力能够将其含有的有毒/难降解有机物转化为低毒或无毒的小分子有机物,为其后续的生物处理创造良好的条件。     

三种经济植物对重金属吸收积累的研究

随着冶金工业的发展,我国大气中重金属污染日趋严重。防治方法,除必须采取的工业治理措施外,还应充分发挥绿色植物的自净作用。 绿色经济植物对大气中重金属的吸收和积累及在植物体内的分配规律,这方面研究目前在国内还不多见。我们选材经济植物的目的是为重金属污染地区寻找一条切实可行的生物防治途径,从而防止重金属污染的粮食、蔬菜、水果等通过食物链进入人体。     

改性锰砂对废水中锰的吸附特性研究

通过正交实验,研究pH值、反应时间、锰砂投加量和锰砂改性时间等因素对Mn2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在25℃,吸附反应体系pH=9,锰砂投加量为15 g/L,吸附时间为30 min,锰砂的高锰酸钾改性时间为36 h时,改性锰砂对锰的吸附去除率最高,达到了99.99%。四因素的影响顺序为:pH>反应时间>锰砂投加量>锰砂改性时间。在单因素实验中,当pH=7,吸附剂投加量为25 g/L时,经60 min可达吸附平衡,锰的去除率为60.04%,其等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,并且与Langmuir模型的拟合程度更高。本研究还对改性锰砂吸附除锰的机理做了初步探讨。     

深圳市南山区环境管理信息系统研究

以深圳市南山区为例,分析研究环境管理与分析信息系统的设计、建立与应用,首先,根据结构化程序设计思想,从用户需求分析,数据库设计,基本业务管理,环境评价分析模型和系统定义５个方面论述了环境管理信息系统设计的概念模型,其次,在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ环境下,以ＦｏｘＰｒｏｗ为主要支持工具,结合其它ＧＩＳ软件,建立了全中文界面的深圳市南山区环境管理与分析信息系统,其中有数据库、业务管理、环评模型、统计分析、空间分