乐安河-鄱阳湖湿地植物群落分布及其环境影响因子

于2012年平水期(4月)、丰水期(8月)和枯水期(11月)对乐安河自上游至下游及入鄱阳湖区域内湿地植物群落分布和水土环境因子进行调查,分析乐安河不同水期湿地植物群落的分布特征,通过DCCA(detrended canonical correspondence analysis,除趋势典范对应分析)探讨不同水期植物群落分布特征与环境因子间的定量关系. 结果表明:3个水期内共观测到湿地植物167种,不同水期植物种类及组成结构均具有显著差异. 其中平水期湿地植物102种,分属于33科75属;枯水期71种,分属于27科53属;丰水期种类最少,为55种,分属于20科42属. 乐安河上游处于未受矿山开采影响的对照区域内,水生植物群落分布主要受河流自然环境因素的影响. 对于受重金属酸性污染影响较严重的区域,DCCA排序结果显示,水土环境中pH和Cu、Pb、Cd等重金属含量是影响植物群落分布的重要因素. 其中,上游湿地植物群落分布主要受Cu含量和pH的影响;中、下游主要受水、土环境中重金属Pb、Cd的复合污染以及pH的影响. 乐安河湿地植物群落分布与环境因子间具有明显的对应关系,DCCA法能准确识别影响湿地植物群落分布的关键环境因子.      

安徽太平湖旅游地演化过程及机制

湖泊旅游逐渐成为我国湖泊资源利用的重要内容.论文探讨了湖泊旅游地发展的特点,分析了太平湖旅游地的演化过程与机制,结果表明湖泊旅游地发展具有易受干扰性、流域性和综合性的特点;基于Butler 生命周期理论,太平湖旅游地的演化过程可划分为三个阶段:①探索阶段(1970—1990 年),旅游地仅有少量的旅游者和旅游设施,湖泊生态系统处于自然状态;②参与阶段(1991—2005 年),地方政府重视旅游发展,发展观光旅游,建设旅游项目,形成了以水产养殖与旅游业相结合的湖泊资源利用模式;③发展阶段(2006 年至今),政府和外部资本推动太平湖基础设施和重大旅游项目建设,旅游人数和收入大幅增长,重点发展休闲度假旅游,向观光-休闲度假型旅游地转型,形成了旅游与城镇互动的发展格局.太平湖旅游地三个发展阶段体现了由自然发展向追求经济效益发展,再向追求综合效益发展的过程.     

Effects of water quality on the coagulation performances of humic acids irradiated with UV light

The presence of humic acid in drinking water treatment has received significant attention in recent years because of its adverse effects on the removal of many pollutants in coagulation. In this paper, the effects of water quality including pH, turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness on the removal of humic acid were investigated in a UV light hybridized coagulation process. Our results suggested that UV light radiation could effectively improve the removal rate of humic acid in coagulation under both neutral and basic conditions, and the variations of the selected water quality parameters had little adverse effect on the function of UV light. After UV light radiation, the removal rate of the nitro-humic acid (NHA) increased from 20% to 60% in coagulation, and increased further to 75% and 85% for the raw waters with 10.0 NTU kaolin and 100 mg·L^-1 hardness, respectively. In addition to NHA, the removal rates of the humic acid extracted from peat coal (PHA) and the humic acid provided by Japan metals and chemicals company (JHA) in coagulation were also improved, both in the range of 80%–90% after undergoing UV light radiation. By changing the radiation location from prior to coagulation to the flocculation process, similar experimental results were obtained. The formation of positive charged sites after UV light radiation was considered to be the primary factor that led to an enhanced removal of the humic acid in coagulation.     

Probability distributions of arsenic in soil from brownfield sites in Beijing (China): statistical characterization of the background populations and implications for site assessment studies

A probabilistic analysis was performed on soil arsenic concentration data from 4 brownfield sites at Beijing (Chaoyang and Haidian Districts), involved in environmental assessment studies. The available data sets were processed to provide a statistical characterization of the background populations and differentiate “anomalous data” from the natural range of variation of arsenic concentrations in soil. The site-specific background distributions and the existing wide-scale background values defined for the Beijing area were compared, discussing related implications for the definition of metal contamination soil screening levels (SSLs) in site assessment studies. The statistical analysis of As data sets discriminated site-specific background populations, encompassing 88% to 94% of the sample data, from outliers values, associated with either subsoil natural enrichments or possible anthropogenic releases. Upper Baseline Concentration (UBC) limits (+ 2σ level), including most of the site-specific metal background variability, were derived based on the statistical characterization of the background populations. Sites in the Chaoyang South District area had UBC values in the range 10.4–12.6 mg·kg^-1. These ranges provide meaningful SSL values to be adopted for As in local site assessment studies. Using the wide-scale background value for the Beijing area would have erroneously classified most of the areas in the subject sites as potentially contaminated.     

基于过程的农户土地利用行为模型的设计与模拟研究

通过基于过程的方式来研究农户决策行为已经成为学者们关注的焦点问题之一。论文依据Belief、Desire、Intention（BDI）决策框架,设计基于过程的农户土地利用行为决策模型。模型以农户实际决策而非效益最大化作为行为模拟的假设,对陕西省米脂县高渠乡的典型村落马蹄洼和姜兴庄土地利用变化进行模拟。模拟可以再现农户决策的动态性和反馈性,展示农户学习行为的过程及其影响,揭示农户决策变化的内在机理。利用该模型,对3 种情景下农户土地利用行为进行模拟,对比分析3 种情景的优劣,指出政府未来应当在降低市场风险、规范合作社经营、提高市场预测方面多做工作。文章最后对该种方法的优点和不足进行总结,并指出今后需要加强的方向。     

西南地区旱涝特征及其趋势预测

应用Z指数和标准化降水指数SPI,结合REOF方法和Hurst 指数对西南地区旱涝等级及其时空分布规律、演变趋势进行分析和预测,结果表明:SPI 和Z指数的计算结果和现实情况较一致,从多年平均值来看,云南的中甸及四川的石渠、德格等地干旱指数处于低值区,属重旱区。贵州和广西及云南南部部分地区属易涝区。逐年的SPI 和Z指数结果大体一致,2000 年以后,干旱指数波动较大。通过REOF分析,Z指数的分布大致分为川西区、川东(包括渝)区、云贵(包括广西北部)区、广南四个区域。云贵区Z指数总体呈下降趋势,涝情呈减弱趋势;川西区在1964 年至1973 年间干旱严重,1995 年以后变化相对稳定,但干旱也时有发生;川东区旱涝变化不显著。经Hurst 指数分析,西南五省市未来的旱涝情况大致为干旱程度呈逐步加大的态势,洪涝程度呈较弱的逐步减小态势。     

硅藻土强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响因素研究

以原水中常见的铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,研究了联合硅藻土与聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝去除铜绿微囊藻的效果.考察了PAC和硅藻土的投加量、溶液pH值、天然有机物腐植酸(HA)对藻和浊度去除的影响,并用zeta电位分析方法对混凝剂的静电中和能力进行表征.结果表明:硅藻土具有良好的助凝作用,投加其有助于改善絮体的沉降性能,提高铜绿微囊藻的混凝去除效果,PAC为6mg/L,pH值为7~8,硅藻土投加量为30mg/L时,叶绿素a(Chl-a)去除率可达96%,剩余浊度低于0.9NTU. HA存在会明显抑制铜绿微囊藻的混凝去除,当HA浓度大于1.0mg/L时, Chl-a去除率大幅度下降同时剩余浊度明显上升,硅藻土的投加可以在一定程度上缓解负面作用.     

The public health system response to the 2008 Sichuan province earthquake: a literature review and interviews

This paper describes and analyses the public health system response to the deadly earthquake in Sichuan province, China, in May 2008. Drawing on an experiential learning project consisting of a literature review and field research, including a series of interviews with medical and public health professionals, policy‐makers and first responders, a conceptual framework was developed to describe the response. This approach emphasises the pre‐existing preparedness level of the medical and public health systems, as well as social, economic and geo‐political factors that had an impact on mitigation efforts. This framework was used to conduct post‐disaster analyses addressing major response issues and examining methods employed during the public health response to the disaster. This framework could be used to describe and analyse the emergency response to other disasters.     

杭州市灰霾与非灰霾日不同粒径大气颗粒物来源解析

在2011年典型灰霾和非灰霾天气下,采集了杭州市不同粒径的大气颗粒物样品,测定并分析各粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度及其化学成分;同时采集并分析了主要污染源排放的颗粒物样品,通过CMB(化学质量平衡)模型进行源解析. 结果表明:灰霾天气下,二次粒子是杭州市各粒径段颗粒物的首要贡献源,其对≤1.1、>1.1~3.3、>3.3~5.8和>5.8~10μm粒径段的颗粒物贡献率分别为60.4%、62.2%、54.8%和46.5%. 在一次排放源中,机动车尾气是≤1.1和>1.1~3.3μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率分别为13.8%和12.2%;城市扬尘是>3.3~5.8μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率达到16.0%;而建筑施工尘是>5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为14.2%. 非灰霾天气下,随着颗粒物粒径的增加,二次粒子的贡献率显著下降,对≤1.1μm粒径段颗粒物的贡献率为42.7%,而对>5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的贡献率仅为15.5%;机动车是各粒径段颗粒物的重要贡献源,贡献率均在20%以上;煤烟尘是≤3.3μm细粒径段颗粒物的重要贡献源类,贡献率为22.0%;城市扬尘是>3.3~5.8μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为18.3%;建筑施工尘依然是>5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为21.4%.      

介质阻挡放电等离子体去除水中敌草隆的降解机理

研究了线筒式介质阻挡放电等离子体对水中敌草隆的降解效果,考察了不同因素对敌草隆去除效果的影响及其对敌草隆的降解机理. 结果表明:输入功率、空气流量均对敌草隆的降解产生较大影响. 输入功率为50 W、空气流量为140 L/h时,放电反应6 min敌草隆的去除率达到95.7%. 随着放电时间的增加,水溶液中测出的ρ(O₃)、ρ(H₂O₂)均明显升高,6 min后其产量分别为11.9和1.2 mg/L;放电6 min后pH从最初的6.3降至3.4,ρ(TOC)也从最初的14.2 mg/L降至11.9 mg/L. 采用离子色谱仪分析敌草隆降解过程中产生的离子发现,反应过程中ρ(Cl-)和ρ(NO₃-)呈线性增长. 采用发光细菌抑制率反映溶液毒性,放电6 min后,敌草隆溶液对发光细菌的抑制率高达90.5%,溶液毒性增大. 通过液相色谱-飞行时间质谱对敌草隆降解产物进行分析,敌草隆降解过程中中间产物的形成存在烷基氧化、脱氯羟化、脱氯羟化-烷基氧化3种途径.